控释尿素和有机物料添加提高黄壤冬油菜产量及养分吸收利用

Controlled-release urea and organic materials can increase the yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of winter rapeseed in yellow soil

利用田间试验探讨控释尿素和不同有机物料添加对黄壤冬油菜产量、养分吸收及利用的影响,为贵州黄壤地力改善以及冬油菜丰产提质提供科学依据。于2018—2022年连续4年在贵州省贵阳市开展控释尿素和不同有机物料添加长期定位试验,以冬油菜为试验材料,分别设置不施氮肥(U0)、控释尿素(CRU180)、普通尿素(U180)以及在普通尿素施用下配施3种有机物料[秸秆(U180+S)、生物炭(U180+B)和商品有机肥(U180+O),均为3000 kg/hm^(2)],在冬油菜收获后,分别测定不同处理冬油菜产量、产量构成因子、生物量、养分吸收和利用。结果表明,与U0处理相比,CRU180和U180处理冬油菜产量分别提高732.5和588.8 kg/hm^(2),配施有机物料后,U180+S、U180+B和U180+O处理冬油菜产量较U180处理分别增加516.9、662.6和622.0 kg/hm^(2),其中以U180+B处理冬油菜产量最高,为2646.8 kg/hm^(2)。与U0处理相比,CRU180和U180处理冬油菜地上部生物量显著增加;与U180处理相比,配施有机物料显著提高冬油菜地上部生物量,4年均以U180+B处理最优,但与U180+S和U180+O处理差异不显著。冬油菜氮磷钾累积量均以U180+B处理最大,4年平均值分别为164.7、31.9和139.1 kg/hm^(2)。CRU180处理氮素农学效率(AEN)、偏生产力(PEPN)和吸收利用效率(REN)高于U180处理;配施有机物料后,U180+S、U180+B和U180+O处理冬油菜AEN、PEPN和REN较U180处理均呈现增加的趋势,其中以U180+B处理最高,分别为6.95 kg/kg、14.70 kg/kg和38.43%,高于其他处理。U180+S处理冬油菜经济效益为7109.9元/hm^(2),高于其他处理。综上所述,控释尿素和有机物料(秸秆、生物炭和商品有机肥)添加均能提高冬油菜产量和养分吸收及利用,且以配施生物炭冬油菜产量最高,但配施秸秆冬油菜经济效益最优,建议在贵州黄壤区冬油菜生长季,正常肥料施用量情况下,可施用控释尿素替代常规尿素,且适当增施外源有机物料以保证冬油菜的产量和养分吸收利用效率。

In order to provide a scientific basis for fertility improvement of yellow soil and improvement of the yield and quality of winter rapeseed in Guizhou,a field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of controlled-release urea and different organic materials on the yield,nutrient absorption and utilization of winter rapeseed in yellow soil.From 2018 to 2022,the long-term positioning test of controlled-release urea and different organic materials addition was carried out in Guiyang city,Guizhou province for four consecutive years.With winter rapeseed as the test material,without nitrogen fertilizer(U0),controlled release urea(CRU180)and common urea(U180)were set up,and three kinds of organic materials[straw(U180+S),biochar(U180+B)and commercial organic fertilizer(U180+O),3000 kg/hm^(2)]were applied respectively under the application of common urea.After the harvest of winter rapeseed,the yield,yield components,aboveground biomass,nutrient absorption and utilization of winter rapeseed under different treatments were measured,respectively.The results showed that compared with U0 treatment,the yield of winter rapeseed in CRU180 treatment and U180 treatment were increased by 732.5 and 588.8 kg/hm^(2),respectively.After applying organic materials,the yield of winter rapeseed in U180+S,U180+B and U180+O treatments were increased by 516.9,662.6 and 622.0 kg/hm^(2),respectively,compared with U180 treatment.The yield of winter rapeseed in U180+B treatment was the highest with 2646.8 kg/hm^(2).Compared with U0 treatment,the aboveground biomass of winter rapeseed was increased significantly under CRU180 and U180 treatment;Compared with U180 treatment,organic materials significantly increased the aboveground biomass of winter rapeseed,U180+B treatment was the best in four years,but there was no significant difference with U180+S and U180+O treatment.The accumulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in winter rapeseed was the largest in U180+B treatment,and the 4-year average values were 164.7,31.9 and 139.1 kg/hm^(2),respectively.The nitrogen agronomic efficiency(AEN),partial productivity(PEPN)and recovery efficiency(REN)of CRU180 treatment were higher than those of U180 treatment;After applying organic materials,the AEN,PEPN and REN of winter rapeseed under U180+S,U180+B and U180+O treatment showed an increasing trend compared with U180 treatment,and U180+B treatment was the highest,which were 6.95 kg/kg,14.70 kg/kg and 38.43%,respectively.The economic benefit of U180+S of winter rapeseed was 7109.9 yuan/hm^(2),it was higher than that of other treatments.In summary,the addition of controlled-release urea and organic materials(straw,biochar and commercial organic fertilizer)can improve the yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of winter rapeseed,and the yield of winter rapeseed with biochar is the highest,but the economic benefit of winter rapeseed with straw is the best.It is suggested that in the growing season of winter rapeseed in Guizhou yellow soil area,under the condition of normal fertilizer application rate,controlled-release urea can be used instead of conventional urea,and exogenous organic materials should be properly applied to ensure the yield and nutrient absorption and utilization efficiency of winter rapeseed.