试论大阪藏《护法天王图》为早期全真教壁画稿

On The Heavenly Kings Protectors of the Dharma,Preserved in Osaka,as an Early Quanzhen Taoist Mural Sketch

大阪市立美术馆藏托名王维绘《护法天王图》为《宋画全集》所收录,过去学界未予重视。图画中有以钟、吕为首的仙人形象,并有诸多男女道士,且寓含三教合一的教旨,当与全真教特别是龙门一派有关。画面中大量贫者的出现与早期全真教收容底层人士的背景相契合。由服饰、鉴藏史两方面考察所见绘画早期因素推测,此作绘制年代当在金末元初之际。

The Heavenly Kings Protectors of the Dharma,painted by Wang Wei and now stored in the collection of the Osaka City Museum of Fine Arts,is recorded in the Complete Collection of Song Dynasty Paintings.In the past,academic circles did not pay much attention to it.The painting depicts immortals headed by Zhong and Liu,as well as many male and female Taoist priests.It also contains the doctrine of the unity of the Three Doctrines,which seems to indicate a direct link to Quanzhen Taoism,especially the Longmen sect.The presence of a large number of poor people in the picture is consistent with the early Quanzhen Taoist ideal of sheltering people from the lower classes.Combining aspects of clothing and connoisseurship history to examine the early factors of the painting,it is possible to deduce that The Heavenly Kings Protectors of the Dharma was painted between the end of the Jin dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan dynasty.