高质量劳动教育何以可能:基于现象学的考察

How High Quality Labor Education Is Possible:A Phenomenological Perspective

劳动教育的价值不是固有的,而学界一直采用理论理性的进路来阐释劳动教育的价值问题。囿于理论理性的解释进路可能会导致对“劳动”本质的认知扭曲、模糊和抽象化,遮蔽劳动教育的真相和本质。现象学是与唯理论和实证主义迥然有别的认识方法论,对探索劳动教育的本质、价值与实践路向具有启发意义。通过现象学的悬置、还原,在本质直观中可以“看到”,劳动是生活世界中普通人基本的生活方式,是他们最重要的日常活动。劳动不仅提供了人类持存的物质基础,还是人类精神活动和人性生成的底基。劳动包含多种多样的类型,其价值具有境域性。但是,简单、低阶的劳动教育价值稀缺。劳动教育是学校教育异质性的“后来者”,是由理论学说、政治制度及意识形态制造的“外来者”。这些均具有自身被给予的明见性。受此启发,为了切实提高劳动教育的质量,必须大力声张人类全部教育意义的“劳动”指向,将劳动教育的主体内容由日常生活劳动转向富含劳动技术和知识的生产性劳动,努力促进普职融通,逐步将隐性教育变成劳动教育的基本形态。

The value of labor education is not intrinsic,and the academic community has always adopted a theoretical and rational approach to explain the value of labor education.Confined to the explanatory approach of theoretical rationality may lead to distortion,blurring and abstraction of the cognition of the essence of“labor”,and obscuring the truth and essence of labor education.Phenomenology is an epistemological methodology that is completely different from theoretical and positivism,and it is of enlightening significance for exploring the nature,value and practical direction of labor education.Through the suspension and reduction of phenomenology,it can be“seen”in the essential intuition that labor is the basic way of life of ordinary people in the living world,and it is their most important daily activity.Labor not only provides the material basis for human existence,but also the foundation for human spiritual activities and the generation of human nature.There are many types of labor,and its value is territorial.However,simple,low-level labor education is scarce.Labor education is a“latecomer”to the heterogeneity of school education,an“outsider”created by theories,political systems,and ideologies.These have their own insights.Inspired by this,in order to effectively improve the quality of labor education,it is necessary to vigorously proclaim the orientation of“labor”in the full meaning of human education,shift the main content of labor education from daily life labor to productive labor rich in labor technology and knowledge,strive to promote the integration of general occupations,and gradually turn implicit education into the basic form of labor education.