使用认知-实践模型的古地图信息本体建模:以样式雷建筑图档为例

Ontology Modelling of Ancient Map Information Through a Cognition-Practical Model:A Case Study of the Yangshi Lei Archives

作为知识表征手段和思维工具,古地图反映了人类认知、表征和实践的历史。但目前古地图的知识组织方法尚无法结构化记录其图面的表征信息同背后的概念、实践、物质之间的复杂关系,桎梏了地图学史知识形成、流通和转译方面的深入研究。为解决这一问题,引入新的本体框架用以描述古代地图知识,为此提出了实践、物质、认知、表征、逻辑5个世界的古地图认知-实践模型,并复用文化遗产通用本体国际文献工作委员会(International Committee for Documentation,CIDOC)概念参考模型(conceptual reference model,CRM),以此为基础,新的模型可记录“地图载体”“地图信息”“认知概念”“事件”“实物”“数字图像”之间的语义关系。选取清代建筑工程图纸样式雷图档进行案例实证,结果表明该模型能够有效描述选取的4张地图载体涉及的各类复杂语义关系。该本体促进了对样式雷图涉及的概念流转和其作为表征性实践的理解,并将有助于古地图的关联管理、标准化共享和知识挖掘,推进古地图的知识史和数字研究范式。

Objectives:Ancient maps,as external representations of human knowledge and tools for thinking,reflect human history of perception,representation and practice of the world.However,current knowledge organization methods to these diverse ancient maps are not yet capable of structurally recording the complex relationships between the representations and the concepts,practices and materials they represent.This problem is an obstacle to in-depth and systematic study of the history of cartography,especially on discussions of the formation,circulation and translation of cartographic knowledge.To address this problem,a novel ontology framework is introduced to describe knowledge of ancient maps.Methods:We propose the cognition-practice model of ancient maps,comprising five domains:Practice,material,cognition,representation,and logic.Based on this model and International Committee for Documentation(CIDOC)conceptual reference model(CRM),the proposed ontology framework can describe the relationships among the map information,including map carrier,information object,cognitive concept,event,physical thing,and digital image.To validate this framework,architectural engineering drawings from Yangshi Lei Archives in Qing Dynasty are selected as a case study.Results:The result shows that the ontology framework effectively describes the complex semantic relationships involved in 4 maps from Yangshi Lei Archives,thus revealing the flow of the conceptual world behind these drawings and the corresponding representations involved in different practices of creating Qing Ding-Ling Tomb and of communications between architects and the emperor.Conclusions:The framework facilitates the understanding of maps as representational practices and can contribute to the associated management,standardized sharing and knowledge mining of ancient maps,promoting the development of intellectual history and the digital research paradigm of ancient maps.