从蒙古语角度看汉语语素的多样性——以汉语和蒙古语偏正式名名复合词为例

On the Diversity of Chinese Morphemes from the Perspective of Mongolian——Taking the Modifier-head Noun-noun Compound Words in Chinese and Mongolian as an Example

语素是最小的音义结合体。汉语语素大多由古代汉语的“词”演变而来,最大的特点是单音节性。汉语语素的音、形、义存在着语音形式、书写形式有限与语义无限的矛盾,也就是语素和汉语之间不存在简单的一一对应关系,“一素多义”“一素同音”的现象较为普遍。学界从汉语本体出发,对汉语语素展开的研究取得了不少成果。在前贤研究的基础上,以汉语和蒙古语偏正式名名复合词为例,运用对比研究的方法,从汉语和蒙古语对照的角度以及蒙古语的角度观察汉语语素多样性的特点。汉语是缺少严格意义形态变化的孤立语,蒙古语是形态发达的黏着语,通过对属于不同语言类型的汉语和蒙古语的对比,可以清晰地观察汉语语素的“多义”和“同音”的特点,并且深刻了解“多义”大多是通过隐喻或者转喻同本义产生联系,“同音”是语音演变、意义演变、汉字简化、借用外来词等的结果。汉语和蒙古语对比研究,不仅可以成为对汉语本体研究的有益补充,而且能够增进语言文化的交流与融合。

A morpheme is the smallest combination of sound and meaning.Most Chinese morphemes have evolved from ancient Chinese words,characterized primarily by their monosyllabic nature.There exists a contradiction between the finite forms of phonetic and written expressions of Chinese morphemes and their infinite meanings,meaning that there is not a simple one-to-one correspondence between morphemes and the Chinese language.The phenomena of“polysemy”(one morpheme,multiple meanings)and“homophony”(one morpheme,same sound)are quite common.The academic community has made significant progress in the study of Chinese morphemes,starting from the ontology of the Chinese language itself.Building upon the foundation laid by previous scholars,this study employs a comparative research methodology using modifier-head noun-noun compound words in Chinese and Mongolian as examples.It observes the characteristics of the diversity of Chinese morphemes from the comparative perspective of Chinese and Mongolian,as well as exclusively from the Mongolian viewpoint.Chinese is an isolating language with little to no inflection,while Mongolian is an agglutinative language with developed morphological changes.By comparing Chinese and Mongolian,which belong to different linguistic types,the characteristics of“polysemy”and“homophony”in Chinese morphemes can be clearly observed.Moreover,it deepens the understanding that“polysemy”is often linked to the original meaning through metaphors or metonyms,and“homophony”results from phonetic evolution,semantic changes,simplification of Chinese characters,and the borrowing of foreign words.Comparative studies of Chinese and Mongolian not only serve as a valuable supplement to the research on the ontology of the Chinese language but also promote the exchange and integration of linguistic cultures.