中国式现代化中的道德经济及其理解——来自捕捞渔业的人类学案例

Moral Economy and Its Understanding in the Course of Chinese Modernization——An Anthropological Case Study of Freshwater Fisheries

近些年来道德经济逐渐成为社会科学的重要概念,这与底层、边缘群体生计方式变迁引起学界的关注有关。在时空切换中,道德责任与经济活动的嬗变关系调节了人们的互惠义务与行为。传统的捕捞渔业带有家长制和生存安全的特征,保障了渔民的生存权利与水上社会的赓续。随着市场机制的引入和生产形式的变迁,渔业趋向工业化生产,而渔民则通过财富积累来抵御个人及家庭的生存风险。市场经济条件下的渔业生产推崇自由与公平的竞争伦理,以及对利润追求的理性化,形成了以发展主义为核心的捕捞经济。然而,过度捕捞不仅折射出在生态环境和经济增长方面的道德失败,也严重损害了渔民自身的生存利益。在“人与自然的脱嵌”全面转向“人类与自然和谐共生”过程中,水生动植物得以恢复生息,渔民也从渔业捕捞中抽离出来,处于“渔与非渔”的转型阈限中。为此,倡导生态系统正义与社会正义并举的道德经济既是增强退捕渔民生计韧性的伦理基础,也是实现“人与自然和谐共生现代化”的必由之路。

The concept of moral economy has gained significance in social sciences due to the attention given by the academic community to the changing livelihoods of underprivileged and marginalized groups.The reciprocal obligations and behaviors of individuals during the time-space transition are regulated by the relationship between moral responsibility and economic activity.Traditional capture fisheries were historically characterized by patriarchy and subsistence security,which ensured fishermen’s right to subsistence and the continuation of the aquatic society.However,with the introduction of market mechanisms and changes in production,fisheries have become industrialized,and fishermen have been able to accumulate wealth to protect themselves and their families from the risks of survival.Under a market economy,fisheries production promotes the principles of free and fair competition and the rational pursuit of profits,resulting in a fishing economy centered on developmentalism.However,overfishing not only reflects a moral failure in terms of the ecological environment and economic growth,but also seriously jeopardizes the survival interests of fishermen themselves.The restoration of aquatic plants and animals to their natural habitat has been achieved through the process of“de-embedding man and nature”and transitioning towards a“harmonious coexistence of man and nature”.As a result,fishermen have been removed from fishing and are now in the liminality of the transitioning from a fishing to a non-fishing livelihood.It is important to note that this transition is ongoing for fishers as well.In this regard,a moral economy that promotes both ecosystem justice and social justice is the ethical foundation for enhancing the resilience of fishermen’s livelihoods and realizing the modernization of harmonious coexistence between human beings and nature.