晚清土默特蒙古社会的户籍赋役制度与立嗣承产纠纷

The Household Registration and Taxation System, Determining Heir and Inheriting Property Deputes in Tümed Mongolian Society in Late Qing Dynasty

清朝通过“户”管控蒙古社会,实现赋役征派。“户”是“壮丁”与“土地”的结合。为了赋役承应的延续性,每户都必须有壮丁不断承受家产。这就使户籍赋役制度和家族立嗣承产发生联系。蒙古人在初次分配财产之后,其家产在最初登记的“户”的后世子孙中不断承受。一般是族中分门析分家产,并以合同分单的形式加以约定。但由于家族族人的竞夺、蒙旗官吏的觊觎,立嗣承产的过程有时演变成旷日持久的抢夺战。每当纠纷发生时,清廷关于户籍赋役和立嗣承产的法律规定,就成为各方人士竞争与协商的主要依凭和谈判策略。

The Qing government controlled Mongolian society and accomplished taxation through Hu (户). Hu is the combination of Zhuangding (壮丁)and land. In order to maintain the continuity of taxation, every family must have a Zhuangding to inherit the family property. This made the household registration and taxation system connected with the family inheritance. After the first distribution of property, the family property continued to inherit in the offspring of the original Hu. The family was divided into Men (门) and its property was distributed at the same time. People made contracts to protect this relationship. Due to the rivalry of family members and the snatch of banner officials, the process of determining heir and inheriting property sometimes became a long-term battle. Whenever disputes occurred, the national laws on household registration, taxation and inheritance became the main reliance and narrative strategy for negotiation and competition among different people.