北宋粮食储备与流通对当前我国粮食安全的启示

The Enlightenment of Grain Reserve and Circulation in the Northern Song Dynasty on China's Current Food Security

当前,我国仍存在耕地数量降低、农民务农数量减少和种粮收益不高等问题,需要从国家到个人、思想到行动两个层面上采取措施,才能有效缓解。我国宋代粮食市场突出特点是地区间转运贸易发达,随着北宋粮食贸易的日渐活跃,百姓获得粮食渠道的拓宽,在一定程度上缓解了国家的粮食储备压力,影响了当时的粮食安全标准。北宋农民的赋税负担十分繁重,富民、地主粮食储备较为可观,官方与民间的粮食储备总量存在差距,具备藏粮于富民的特征。宋朝廷利用制度性和市场性的手段,将粮商作为国家的后备粮仓,灵活地缓解了官民粮食储备差距悬殊的矛盾。粮食流通在不同区域呈现出明显的地域性特征,不同的粮食来源和运输距离揭示了政治力量与经济力量在南、北救荒上的不同分配,北方地区的灾荒救济以官方力量为主,南方地区则以民间力量为主,粮食的性质、流通方式存在较大区别,影响着救荒效果。以北宋时期为鉴,当前我国应切实关注民生问题,构建多种形式的土地耕种格局;合理统筹全国区域性粮食流通,完善重大灾情下的粮食供给体系;树立科学粮食储备观,全方位增强社会戒奢从俭意识。

At present,there are still problems in China,such as a decrease in the number of arable land,an increase in the number of farmers going out to work,and low income from grain cultivation.Measures need to be taken from both the national and individual levels,as well as from the perspective of ideology to action,in order to effectively alleviate these problems.With the increasing activity of grain trade in the Northern Song Dynasty and the expansion of channels for the people to obtain grain,the pressure on the court's grain reserves was alleviated to a certain extent,which affected the food security standards at that time.The tax burden on the farmers in the Northern Song Dynasty was very heavy,and the grain reserves of the wealthy and landlords were considerable.There was a gap in the total amount of grain reserves between the official and private sectors,which had the characteristic of storing grain to enrich the people.The Song court used institutional and market-oriented means to treat grain merchants as the country's reserve granaries,flexibly alleviating the contradiction of the huge gap in grain reserves between officials and civilians.The distribution of grain shows obvious regional characteristics in different regions,and the different sources and transportation distances of grain reveal the different distribution of political and economic forces in disaster relief in the south and north;official forces are the main force in disaster relief in the north,while civilian forces are the main force in the south;and there are significant differences in the nature and distribution methods of grain,which affect the effectiveness of disaster relief.Taking the Northern Song Dynasty as a lesson,at present,China should pay close attention to people's livelihood issues and construct various forms of land cultivation patterns,reasonably coordinate regional grain circulation throughout the country and improve the grain supply system in major disaster situations,and establish a scientific concept of grain reserves and comprehensively enhance social awareness of avoiding extravagance and frugality.