“低技能排斥”下的劳动力跨地区流动——产出效应与收入分配

Interregional Labor Mobility under"Exclusion of Unskilled Workers":Output Effects and Income Distribution

在中国劳动力跨地区流动过程中,地方政府针对不同技能的劳动力制定了差异化的就业政策,不少地区基于缓解公共服务供需矛盾等方面的考虑,对低技能劳动力采取了排斥的态度。本文在量化空间一般均衡模型框架下刻画了高、低技能劳动力差异化的流动特征,使用2005年、2015年全国人口抽样调查微观数据,定量分析了“低技能排斥”下劳动力跨地区流动对收入分配的影响及产出效应。研究发现,第一,与高技能劳动力相比,低技能劳动力流动所面临的阻碍更大,使得低技能劳动力跨地区流动成本高于高技能劳动力。第二,“低技能排斥”下的劳动力跨地区流动,一定程度上抑制了高、低技能劳动力之间的技能互补,造成GDP损失。第三,全面破除“低技能排斥”,充分发挥高、低技能劳动力之间的技能互补性,将显著缩小地区之间劳动力的收入差距。因此,打破劳动力跨地区流动中的技能歧视,引导高、低技能劳动力畅通有序流动,优化劳动力配置效率的同时还有助于共同富裕战略目标的实现。

In the process of interregional labor flow in China,local governments have formulated differentiated employment policies for workers with different skills,and many regions have adopted an exclusive attitude toward unskilled workers in order to alleviate the contradiction between the supply and demand of public services and other aspects.In this paper,differentiated mobility characteristics of skilled and unskilled workers are described within the framework of a quantitative spatial general equilibrium model.Using the microdata of the 2005 and 2015 national population sampling survey,the influence of interregional labor mobility on income distribution and output effect under the"exclusion of un-skilled workers"is quantitatively analyzed.The research findings are as follows:First,unskilled workers have greater barriers to mobility than skilled workers,which makes the cost of cross-regional mobility more costly for unskilled workers than for skilled workers.Second,the interregional mobility of workers under the"exclusion of unskilled workers"has somewhat inhibited the skill complementarity between skilled and unskilled workers,resulting in a loss of GDP.Third,eliminating the exclusion of unskilled workers and giving full play to the skill complementarity between skilled and unskilled workers will significantly narrow the income gap of workers in different regions.Therefore,eliminating skill discrimination in interregional labor flows and guiding the smooth and orderly flow of skilled and unskilled workers will not only optimize the efficiency of labor allocation,but also help achieve the strategic goal of common prosperity.