吴语返回义动词“回/转/归”的词汇替换和扩散模式

On the historical replacement between RETURN verbs hui(回),zhu(转)andgui(归)and their distribution in Wu dialects

吴语返回义动词主要有“回”“转”和“归”三种词汇形式。本文对这组返回义动词在吴语60个方言点的及物性和复杂谓词的用法进行考察,同时结合其历史演变,试图厘清三者在吴语中的地理分布、替换关系和扩散方式。从来源来看,“归”为早期通语词在吴语中的留存,“转”为唐宋之后兴起的南方汉语方言词,而“回”则是由临安官话借人,在杭州及其周边地区使用。从地理分布看,“回”和“转”在吴语区大致呈现互补状态:“回”主要以杭州为中心呈带状分布,“转”集中分布在“回”的南北两侧,两者构成地理语言学上典型的“A-B-A”分布模式,这是临安官话型词汇在北部吴语扩散的结果。“归”虽以南部吴语婺州片和处衢片为核心使用区域,但仍旧散见于吴语各地,东至温州、定海等地,北至绍兴、上海,这都反映了“归”作为早期吴地的基本返回义动词的特点。进一步考察发现:1)吴语内部有“归”和“转”的叠置、“回”和“转”的叠置两种情况,但没有“回”和“归”的叠置;2)“回/转/归”除了独立做动词以外,也可以参与构词,构成“回转”“V归”“V转”等复合词。叠置形式和多种并存的构词类型在编码位移事件时往往有功能上的分化,这为三个返回义动词在吴地出现的先后顺序和地理分布特点提供了有力的佐证。

This article focuses on the RETURN verbs hui(回),zhuan(转)and gui(归)and their distribution in Wu dialects and discovers that the three verbs present a complementary geographic distribution among the 60 Wu dialects under investigation.The verb gui is mainly used in Wuzhou and Chuqu dialects in the south,but it is also found in dialects of some other places such as Shaoxing in the north and Wenzhou in the east.The verb zhuan is primarily used in dialects of the south(Taizhou,Wuzhou)and the north(Suzhou,Shanghai,Jiaxing)while hui as the newest RETURN verb in Wu dialects is mainly used in Hangzhou and its surrounding areas.In addition,zhuan may co-exist with gui or hui in certain Wu dialects but the co-existence of gui and hui is not found.This suggests that the three RETURN verbs occur in the chronological order illustrated as gui>zhuan>hui.Gui is the original RETURN verb of Wu dialects,zhuan has come into use since the Tang and Song dynasties,and hui is a loanword from Lin'an Mandarin dialect.