明清经典阅读群像考——以《史记》阅读为例

The investigation based on the classic reading groups of the Ming and Qing dynasties:taking the reading of Records of the Grand Historian as an example

阅读活动的群体差异在经典文献阅读中表现得尤为突出。明清时期的《史记》阅读可分三类群体进行讨论。一是明中后期的士子群体。文学复古风气,一方面使得士人将阅读视野扩展到以《史记》为代表的秦汉古文;但另一方面,在阅读策略上却走向剽窃模拟、编排《史记》字句的泥潭。这种基于文章创作需求的阅读充满功利性与机械性色彩。二是清中后期的学者群体。此时流行的阅读方式是对归方评点的过录,在否定与肯定的矛盾中,“圈点处启发人意”的看法在具体的阅读实践中得到证实,深刻影响了时人的日常阅读模式,彰显了其独特的阅读文化。三是明清才女群体。明末以来的女性观突破“女子无才便是德”的束缚,女性之“才”被肯定,女性教育受到重视。才女的阅读视野冲破女子教书的限制而遍及经史,其中对于《史记》等史书的阅读兴趣引人注目,既激发了女性创作的高峰,也在一定程度上反映了女性主体意识的觉醒,使其《史记》阅读更显随性、真切,更能体会回归阅读本身的乐趣。

The group differences in reading activities are more prominent in the reading of classic literature.The reading of Records of the Grand Historian in the Ming and Qing dynasties can be divided into three groups.First,the scholar group since the middle and late Ming dynasty.The literary retro trend,on the one hand,has led the scholars to expand their reading horizons to the ancient literature of Qin and Han dynasties represented by Records of the Grand Historian,but on the other hand,they tend to plagiarize and imitate the words and sentences of Records of the Grand Historian in terms of reading strategies.This kind of reading based on the needs of article creation is mostly utilitarian and rigid.Second,the scholar group in the middle and late Qing dynasty.At this time,the popular reading method is the transcription of the comments of Guifang.In the contradiction between the negation and affirmation of the comments,the viewpoint of“circling and punctuating to enlighten”is confirmed in the specific reading practice,which has a profound impact on the daily reading mode of the people and highlights its unique reading culture.Third,the talented women group in the Ming and Qing dynasties.Since the late Ming dynasty,the view of women has gone beyond the idea of“a woman who lacks talent is virtuous”.The“talent”of women has been affirmed and women’s education has been valued.The reading horizon of talented women has broken through the limitation of women’s teaching books and covered the classics and history,among which the reading interest in historical books such as Records of the Grand Historian is remarkable,which stimulates the peak of women’s creation and reflects the awakening of women’s subject consciousness to a certain extent.It makes the reading of Records of the Grand Historian more casual and real and returns to the fun of reading itself.