破解集中与分权之困:土地革命时期中国共产党宣传工作体系的调整

Crack the distress of concentration and decentralization:Adjustment of the Propaganda Work System of the CPC during the Agrarian Revolution

土地革命时期,中国共产党宣传工作体系延续了大革命时期宣传部、党报、出版发行系统并立的格局,构建以政治委员制度为核心的军队宣传系统,依照“党不能包办政权工作”的原则形成苏维埃报刊系统,推动各系统向下延伸,直至党的末梢支部和广大党员、红军战士。相较而言,国共两党都确立了“民主集中制”的组织原则,并运用于宣传工作的体系化运作,前者在组织上强调“集中”却归于“分散”,在领导上强调“分工”却趋向“独裁”,未能消除“思想不统一”之顽疾;后者一度走向“集体的指导”和“组织军事化”的极端,转而寻求“集中”与“分权”之平衡,奠定了体系构建的基本原则。

During the Agrarian Revolution,the propaganda system of the CPC continued the pattern of the coexistence of the propaganda department,the party newspaper,and the publishing and distribution system during the Great Revolution,built a military propaganda system with the political commissar system as the core,formed a Soviet newspaper system in accordance with the principle that the party cannot assume overall responsibility for the work of the political power,and promoted the downward extension of all systems to the end branches of the party and the vastnumber of party members and Red Army soldiers.In comparison,the Kuomintang and the CPC both established the organizational principle of democratic centralism and applied it to the systematic operation of propaganda work.The former emphasized centralization in organization but turned to decentralization,while the leadership emphasized division of labor but tended to dictatorship,which failed to eliminate the persistent disease of disunity in thought;The latter once went to the extreme of collective guidance and militarization of organizations,and turned to seek the balance between centralization and decentralization to lay down the basic principles of propaganda system construction.