中东地区的移民问题及其治理困境

Migration Issue and Its Governance Dilemmas in the Middle East

中东地区是战后全球人口迁徙活动最密集的地区之一,该地区的人口流动在中东剧变后达到危机临界点,并将持续成为一个国际热点问题。本文研究中东地区的人口移徙模式和现有移民治理框架,并具体分析了这一地区移民治理的困境。本文分析了战后移入和移出中东地区的三种主要移民类型,认为该地区作为主要的国际移民来源、接收地区和重要的移民过境地区,地区内国家移民政策的变化会产生外溢效应。中东地区现有的地区内移民管理机制不涵括以色列、土耳其这两个重要的地区利益攸关方,严重影响了其机制有效性。同时,该地区也存在对移民的权利保护不足、与欧盟国家的跨地区合作的机制局限在移民返回领域、忽视了产生大批移民潮的结构性因素等治理困境。因此,各利益攸关方需要秉持“标本兼治”的原则,采取综合方法对移民的权利进行保护,同时应对原籍国、过境国和目的地国所面临的风险和挑战。

The Middle East is one of the regions with the most intensive migration activ-ities in the world after World War II.The migration pattern in this region has reached the cri-sis tipping point since Middle East Upheaval,and will be a persistent international prob-lem.This paper studies the migration pattern and the current migration governance frameworks in the Middle East,and specifically analyzes the dilemma of migration governance in this re-gion.This paper analyzes the three main types of migrants in the Middle East,and argues that the region is the main source,recipient and transit place for international migrants,and changes of national migration policies of countries in this region produce the spillover effects.At present,the existing migration management mechanism in the Middle East does not include Israel and Turkey,the two important regional stakeholders,which seriously and negatively affects the effectiveness of the regional governance of the migration.In addition,the protection of the rights of migrants in this region is insufficient,and the cross-regional co-operation with EU countries is limited to the field of the migrants returning,which ignores the structural factors that contributed to the massive emigration.Therefore,various stakehold-ers need to adopt an integrated approach to optimize the overall benefits of migrants based on the principle of“fixing both the symptoms and the root causes”,working to simultaneously address the risks and challenges faced by individuals and communities in origin,transit and destination countries.