超高强铝合金研究进展与发展趋势

Research progress and development tendency of ultra-high strength aluminum alloys

超高强铝合金具有密度低、比强度高等特点,广泛应用于航空、航天、核工业等领域。合金的极限强度已从第四代铝合金的600 MPa级,逐步发展到650~700 MPa级、750 MPa级,甚至800 MPa级及以上第五代铝合金。本文首先对超高强铝合金的发展历程和国内外发展现状进行概述;随后,从成分设计与优化、熔铸与均匀化技术、热变形技术、热处理技术、计算机辅助模拟计算共五个方面对近些年的研究进展和所遇到的问题进行了总结和讨论;最后,结合未来装备的发展需求和国内的技术现状,指出“深入研究基础理论,解决综合性能匹配等问题以及在特定应用场景下专用材料的推广应用”是超高强铝合金的发展趋势和重要方向。

Ultra-high strength aluminum alloy has achieved extensive application in the nuclear,aerospace,and aviation industries because of its high specific strength and low density.The fifth generation of ultra-high strength aluminum alloy has been produced,and in comparison to the fourth generation’s 600 MPa level,its ultimate strength has been consistently redefined and increased from 650-700 MPa to 750 MPa or even 800 MPa.This paper reviews the history of the research on aluminum alloys with ultra-high strengths and introduces the current state of development both domestically and internationally.The key issues and recent research development are further explored,including computer simulation,thermal deformation,heat treatment,homogenization,melting,and casting,as well as composition design.Finally,combined with the development needs of future equipment and domestic technology status,it is pointed out that in-depth study of basic theory to solve the problem of comprehensive performance matching,the promotion and application of special materials in specific application scenarios are the development trend and important direction of ultra-high strength aluminum alloy.