家庭生育决策、儿童照料方式与女性就业——基于微观家庭调查数据的分析

Family Fertility Decisions,Child Care,and Women's Employment:Based on Micro-Household Survey Data

提高女性就业与生育的正向兼容性对促进人口长期均衡发展具有重要意义。论文基于中国家庭追踪调查数据,采用cmp方法探究儿童照料方式、女性生育与就业决策之间的相互关系。研究发现,女性生育和就业存在双向抑制关系,且对农村户籍的青年女性抑制性更强。隔代照料有助于缓解生育和就业的正向兼容矛盾,而机构照料仅提高了女性就业率,在城市中机构照料伴随高昂成本反而抑制了生育数量。此外,女性正规就业与生育相互抑制,而非正规就业是缓解矛盾的有效途径,尤其是在农村,女性生育与非正规就业相互促进、兼容发展。从动态角度看,因生育中断就业对女性再就业的阻碍具有持续性。建议进一步完善和发展非正规就业市场,短期可鼓励支持家庭隔代照料,长期需发展完善普惠性市场照料,补充“去家庭化”的生育支持。

Improving the positive compatibility of young women's fertility and employment offers significant,long-term benefits to balancing population development.We adopted the CMP method to explore the relationship between child-care style and young women's fertility and employment based on the data of Chinese Family Panel Study(CFPS).The results reveal a two-way inhibition between female fertility and employment,and the inhibition is stronger for rural women.Grandparent provided childcare can ease the positive compatibility contradiction between fertility and employment.Although institutional care positively affects women's employment,its high cost reduces fertility in urban areas.In addition,we divided women's employment into formal and informal employment.Female fertility and formal employment inhibit each other,while informal employment can alleviate the contradiction,especially in rural areas where fertility and informal employment develop mutually.From the dynamic perspective,the interruption of maternity employment hinders women's re-employment for a long time.It is recommended to improve the informal employment market.Government should support intergenerational family care in the short term and develop inclusive market-based care,complementing the"de-familization"of reproductive support in the long term.