纳米技术应用于水处理膜材料制备研究进展

Research Progress on Nanotechnology Application in Preparation of Membrane Materials for Water Treatment

水资源短缺、水污染和饮用水安全已经成为全球性挑战。膜技术被认为是21世纪的水处理技术,已广泛应用于饮用水深度处理、海水淡化、工业废水回用处理等领域。传统膜多采用压力驱动膜分离技术,按照膜孔尺寸分类,包括可用于去除大颗粒悬浮物、细菌、原生动物的微滤膜,用于去除胶体和大分子有机物的超滤膜,用于去除硬度、重金属、有机物的纳滤膜,以及用于脱盐、水回用和制备超纯水的反渗透膜。在过去的几十年间,纳米材料技术发展迅速,纳米技术被广泛应用于水处理膜材料制备中,纳米技术在膜材料的应用,可以大大提升膜的通量、耐污染等基础性能,使膜具备催化、杀菌等特殊功能性。总结了纳米技术在有机无机共混膜、薄膜纳米复合膜以及纳米材料膜表面修饰中的应用研究进展,并讨论了其未来的发展方向。

Water scarcity,water pollution and drinking water safety have become global challenges.Membrane technology is considered to be the 21st century water treatment technology,having been widely used in drinking water advanced treatment,seawater desalination,industrial wastewater reuse treatment and other fields.Traditional membrane are mostly pressure-driven membrane separation technology,classified according to the size of membrane pores,including microfiltration membranes for the separation of large particles of suspended matter,bacteria,protozoa,ultrafiltration membranes for the disposal of colloids and macromolecular organic matter,nanofiltration membranes for the removal of hardness,heavy metals,organic matter,and reverse osmosis membranes for desalination,water reuse and preparation of ultra-pure water.In the past few decades,nanomaterial technology has developed rapidly,and has been widely employed in the preparation of water treatment membrane materials.The application of nanotechnology in membrane materials can greatly meliorate the basic membrane properties,such as flux and pollution resistance,these characteristics grant the special membrane functions such as catalysis and sterilization.The application of nanotechnology in the surface modification of organic and inorganic blended films,thin film nanocomposite films and nanomaterial films was summarized.The future evolution direction was also investigated.