行政特别法的构成要件

The Constitutive Elements of Special Administrative Law

特别法优先于一般法是解决法律规范的冲突及适用的原则之一,在缺乏法典的行政法领域尤显重要。我国《立法法》未明确规定特别法的构成要件。通过梳理判例中当事人关于什么是特别法的主张,以及法院关于什么是特别法的证成,可以概括出行政特别法的构成要件包括法律事实要件的特别规定,法律效果要件的不一致,允许特别规定优先之“链接条款”的存在,或者允许特别规定优先的意思。《立法法》中的“特别规定”与“不一致”分属两个要件。允许特别规定优先的意思是缺乏“链接条款”时的构成要件,可以通过一般法理排除特别法的存在,或者通过法律事实要件间的关系以及优先级予以阐释。此外,由于下位法中的变通规定和特别规定也可以成为行政特别法,行政特别法的制定主体与一般法的制定主体不一定是同一主体,制定主体并不是行政特别法的构成要件。

The superiority of special law over general law is one of the principles to resolve conflicts between legal norms and to apply legal norms.It is particularly significant in the field of administrative law,which lacks a code.However,China's Legislative Law does not clearly specify the constitutive elements of special law.By sorting out the parties'claims on what special laws are and the court's justification of what special laws are in the cases,we can summarize that constitutive elements of special administrative law in-clude special provisions on legal factual elements,inconsistency in legal effect elements,the existence of"linkage provisions"that allow the superiority of special provisions,or the intention of allowing the superi-ority of special provisions.The"special provisions"and the"inconsistency"in Legislation Law belong to two different constitutive elements.The intention of allowing the superiority of special provisions is a consti-tutive element with the absence of"linkage provisions".It can exclude the existence of special law through the general legal principles,or can be interpreted through the relationship and the ranks of superi-ority between the legal factual elements.In addition,since the flexible provisions and special provisions in lower-level laws can also become special administrative laws,the enacting body of the special administra-tive law and the enacting body of the general law are not necessarily the same body,and the enacting body is not a constitutive element of the special administrative law.