个人信息出境的国内法规制路径及体系化完善

Domestic Regulatory Pathways and Systematic Improvement of Outbound Personal Information Transfer

数字化个人信息的大规模跨境传输使得个人权益、公共利益和国家安全利益受损的风险加剧,国际社会尚未达成统一法律规范予以应对。为维护国家数据主权、促进数据产业发展与保障个人信息安全,各国选择以国内法规制的方式对个人信息出境予以监管,具体表现为国家专门立法、联盟统一立法与国家分散立法。我国通过专门立法规制个人信息出境,形成了“硬性”与“软性”两轨监管机制,但存在分轨监管内容交叉、公私共治监管尚未形成的问题,阻碍个人信息的安全出境。在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治的背景下,我国应以系统观念加强个人信息出境监管建设,从主体上发挥公私体系的协同性,从规范上强化攻防体系的均衡性,从空间上增进内外体系的互动性,为促成个人信息跨境规制的多边共识贡献中国智慧。

The large-scale cross-border transmission of digital personal information has intensified the risks of harm to individual rights,public interests,and national security interests.The international community has not yet reached unified legal standards to address this issue.To maintain national data sovereignty,promote the development of the data industry,and ensure personal information security,countries have chosen to regulate the outbound personal information transfer through domestic laws and regulations,whether by national special legislation,unified legislation of the union,or national decentralized legislation.China’s national special legislation created a two-track regulation mechanisms of“hard”and“soft”,taking three regulation methods:security assessment,protection certification,and standard contract.However,regulations do provide that the two tracks overlap.And the public-private regulation has not yet been formed,which hinders the safe transmission of personal information.To promote the domestic rule of law and foreign-related rule of law,China should adopt a systematic approach to fortify the regulatory system for outbound personal information transfer.This involves leveraging the synergy of the public-private system in terms of the subject,strengthening the balance of the offensive and defensive system from a regulatory perspective,and enhancing the interaction between the internal and external systems concerning space.All these efforts aim to contribute Chinese wisdom to the establishment of a multilateral consensus on the cross-border regulation of personal information.