俄语中“契丹”是源自辽朝的强盛吗?

Did"Khitan"in Russian Originate from the Power and Prosperity of the Liao Dynasty?

关于俄语中“契丹”的来源,学者均认为是因为辽朝及西辽(哈喇契丹)的强盛,也有学者在此基础上,认为蒙古西征也是一个原因。实际上,辽朝、西辽均不与罗斯接壤,罗斯也未与辽朝、西辽发生交往,故俄语中称“契丹”并非因为辽朝的强盛而导致的,而是源自早期蒙古人对辽朝的称谓。因称阻卜或达靼的早期蒙古诸部曾为辽朝西北路招讨司下辖的属部,而辽朝针对契丹人及其他北方民族的契丹文国号为“哈喇契丹”或“契丹”,故早期蒙古人称辽朝为“契丹”。辽朝灭亡后,蒙古人兴起,他们继续称金朝乃至中国为“契丹”。后来随着蒙古人的三次西征,这一称谓也随之远播欧亚。因罗斯曾沦为蒙古金帐汗国的附庸长达两个多世纪,故俄语中称中国为“契丹”是沿袭自蒙古人。

Scholars usually regard the power and prosperity of the Liao Dynasty and Western Liao(Hala Khitan)as the origin of"Khitan"in Russian,and some scholars think the Mongol conquest to the west is another reason.In fact,ancient Russia neither bordered the Liao Dynasty and the Western Liao Dynasty,nor did it not have any communication with the two regimes.Therefore,the term"Khitan"in Russian was not due to the power and prosperity of the Liao Dynasty,but came from the early Mongolian term referring to the Liao Dynasty.Early Mongol tribes,known as Zubu or Tatar,were under the jurisdiction of the Northwest Road Punitive Office of the Liao Dynasty.When facing the nomadic ethnic groups,Liao chose the word"Khitan"as its own name,so the early Mongols called the Liao Dynasty"Khitan".After the fall of the Liao Dynasty,the Mongols rose up and kept the appellation for the Jin Dynasty and even China.Later,with the three expeditions of the Mongols to the West,this title also spread to Europe and other regions of Asia.Russia was a vassal state of the Mongol Kipchak khanate for over two centuries,so it followed the Mongols to use the term"Khitan"to name China.