知识产权惩罚性赔偿的理论渊源与司法适用

Theoretical Origins and Judicial Application of Punitive Compensation for Intellectual Property Rights

知识产权惩罚性赔偿是非常特殊的私人惩罚制度,《民法典》规定知识产权惩罚性赔偿,革新了传统的补偿性赔偿,具有惩罚、威慑、预防等多重功能。在法系融合背景下,我国知识产权惩罚性赔偿既符合国际趋势,又贴近现实,解决知识产权难题,有助于我国知识产权保护。与以受害人、过去为面向的补偿性赔偿相比,知识产权惩罚性赔偿以加害人及他人、未来为面向,重在对加害人故意和情节严重的行为进行否定性法律评价。在具体计算时,知识产权惩罚性赔偿与刑事罚金、行政罚款可并用,具有独立性、优先性,在补偿性赔偿一倍以上五倍以下的数额中秉持惩罚与克制的平衡。

Multiple documents of the Communist Party of China(CPC)and the state advocate for strong protection of intellectual property rights,and explicitly state punitive damages for intellectual property rights.From the Civil Code to the amendments of the Copyright Law,the Patent Law,and the Trademark Law,and then to judicial interpretations on punitive damages for intellectual property,the punitive nature of intellectual property has evolved from scratch,becoming more refined and operational.As such an important new system,legal doctrine should connect the relationship between the Civil Code and intellectual property and its separate laws,and clarify the relationship between the new law and the old law,and between supplementary and punitive damages.This article adopts a normative analysis method to start with the concept of damage,and combines with the function of punitive damages to clarify the specific connotation of punitive damages.It is damages compensation made by the court beyond compensatory compensation,in addition to the traditional principle of“filling”in civil law.Punitive compensation for intellectual property is a very special private punishment system.The Civil Code founds punitive compensation for intellectual property,which innovates the traditional compensatory compensation and has multiple functions such as punishment,deterrence,and prevention.At the same time,this article adopts historical and comparative analysis methods to trace and compare the changes in punitive damages between the civil law system and the European and American legal systems.In the context of the integration of legal systems,punitive damages for intellectual property in China are not only in accord with international trends but also closely related to reality,solving intellectual property problems and contributing to the protection of intellectual property in China.Compared with the compensatory compensation for the victim and the former,the punitive compensation of intellectual property rights isfuture-oriented and focuses on the tortfeasor and others.It emphasize the negativelegal evaluation of the deliberate subject and serious circumstances of the tortfeasor.When calculating specifically,punitive damages for intellectual property rights can be used in conjunction with criminal fines and administrative fines,with independence and priority,and hold the balance of punishment and restriction based on compensatory compensation for more than double and less than fivefold.Compared with previous articles,the innovations of this article lie in the following aspects.Firstly,it traces the origin,and clarifies the particularity of punitive damages for intellectual property rights,as well as their independence and priority under multiple legal responsibilities.It is believed that when punitive damages for intellectual property rights overlap with criminal fines and administrative fines,they can be applied independently and preferentially.The specific calculation basis for punitive damages for intellectual property rights is compensatory compensation,which includes statutory compensation but cannot exceed a limit of five times.This article not only elaborates on the connotation of punitive damages for intellectual property rights,but also clarifies its specific calculation rules based on the concept,further deepening the theoretical understanding of punitive damages for intellectual property rights.More importantly,it helps to solve multiple legal responsibilities,calculation standards,compensation limits and other issues in judicial practice,which has certain theoretical,practical and social significance.