西尼罗热流行和传播机制研究进展

Research Progress on the Prevalence and Transmission Mechanism of West Nile Fever

西尼罗热是较早(1937年)发现的虫媒传播的人兽共患病之一,近年来在美洲、欧洲和非洲许多地方发生了人和马的疫情暴发流行,对人类和动物健康造成严重威胁。本文对蚊子和鸟在西尼罗病毒流行传播中作用、鸟-蚊-鸟的传播机制研究进行了详细探讨。综述分析发现:蚊子只是西尼罗病毒的载体和媒介,而鸟类才是其真正宿主,并在病毒的跨地区传播中扮演重要角色,鸟-蚊-鸟传播机制是西尼罗病毒维持地方性流行的重要模式;人类以及马、狗和山羊等哺乳动物是西尼罗病毒的终端宿主,人类还可以通过输血和器官移植获得感染。基于西尼罗热的流行病学特征,我国急需对候鸟栖息地持续开展鸟类和蚊虫的西尼罗病毒监测,深入开展西尼罗病毒媒介以及气候和环境等多种因素影响的流行病学机制及风险评估研究,为建立早期预警机制和制定防控措施提供科学依据。

West Nile fever(WNF)is one of the zoonotic diseases that were transmitted by insects and detected earlier(in 1937).In recent years,outbreaks of WNF in humans and horses had occurred in many regions of the Americas,Europe and Africa,posing a serious threat to human and animal health.In the paper,the role of mosquitoes and birds in the spread of West Nile virus(WNV),as well as the transmission mechanism of bird-mosquito-bird was discussed in details.The results showed that mosquitoes were merely carriers and vectors of WNV,while birds were true hosts and played an important role in virus cross-regional transmission,and local transmission of WNV was mainly remained by the bird-mosquito-bird mechanism;humans,horses,dogs,goats and other mammals were the terminal hosts of the virus,besides,humans could also be infected through blood transfusion and organ transplant.Based on the epidemiological characteristics of WNV,monitoring over the virus in birds and mosquitoes should be continuously carried out in habitats of migratory birds in China,the epidemiological mechanisms and risk assessment influenced by the vectors,climate and environmental factors should be researched,with a view to providing scientific basis for development of early warning mechanisms as well as prevention and control measures.