元好问《论诗三十首》中被曲解的“曲学”

Misinterpreted“Qu Xue”in Yuan Haowen’s Thirty Poems of Poetry Criticism

历来对元好问《论诗三十首》“曲学虚荒小说欺”一句的“曲学”释义有二,一是乡曲之学,二是曲艺之学。前者更贴合词义语境和元好问的文学观。产生曲解原因有二:从内部文体特征看,曲体存在“虚荒”“俳谐怒骂”等美学特性;从外部社会条件看,金元之际曲唱艺术发达,不少文人采曲入诗,致使诗歌由雅变俗。为了解开误读,可从“曲学”词义衍变与元好问的曲学成就两方面考察。首先,“曲学”词义突变始自明代曲话,金元时期该词并无指代剧曲、散曲的相关用法,元诗属孤证。其次,元好问不仅首度变词为曲,有元曲开创之功,又善于自制曲,其本人不太可能有为张目诗学而贬低曲学之举。

There have been two interpretations of“Qu Xue”in the couplet“Qu xue xu huang xiaoshuo qi”in Yuan Haowen’s Thirty Poems of Poetry Criticism,one is heresy and the other is the study of chinese traditional opera.I think that the latter is a misinterpretation.There are two reasons for the misinterpretation:from the perspective of the internal stylistic features,there are aesthetic characteristics such as“emptiness”and“irony and invective”;From the perspective of external social conditions,the time of Jin and Yuan Dynasties was the critical period for the germination and development of Yuan Opera.The art of singing was developed,and there was a tendency for literati to adopt songs into poems.In order to solve the misreading,we can examine it from two aspects:the evolution of the meaning of“Quxue”and Yuan Haowen’s achievements in Quxue.Firstly,the mutation of“Qu Xue”originated from Qu Hua of Ming Dynasty.In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties,“Qu Xue”did not refer to the use of verse styles,and Yuan’s poetry is an isolated proof.Secondly,Yuan Haowen not only changed words into music for the first time,but also was good at making music.He was respected as a pioneer of Yuan Qu.He is unlikely to belittle music for the sake of poetry.