明代马船户与夫役编佥研究

A Study of the Labor Registration of Machuan Households during the Ming Dynasty

明代马船户属于民户中的次生户籍,户下人丁充当马船水夫,总数约两万名,隶属于南京江淮、济川二卫,承担修造船只和运送贡品的差役。马船户主要源于洪武时免军充役,在清勾、佥妻等方面,都与军户类似,具有军、民双重性。由于马船夫役繁重,明中期逐渐折算工料银,始于弘治八年,确立于嘉靖十二年,总计约八万两,摊入田亩征收,随南粮解送至南京兵部,由官方雇役。马船夫役折银使得船户负担得以减轻,原籍与卫所船户的联系不再紧密。在明代赋役制度演进中,马船夫役改革可视作一条鞭法的先驱,又因一条鞭法推行而稳固下来。

Machuan(马船,horse ship)households responsible to provide fast and small ship transportation levy and related maintenance services to the government fell into a particular category in the household registration system in the Ming Dynasty.The total number of labors of this kind was about 20,000,located mainly in Jianghuai(江淮)and Jichuan(济川)in Nanjing region.Since the Hongwu period,machuan households were spared of serving in the army,but were treated similar to the military households.In mid Hongzhi to early Jiajing period,the direct levy service of machuan households was replaced by monetary taxation,which turned out to be a total amount of 80,000 liang(两,tael)of silver.This change reduced the burden of machuan households,as well as the tie of machuan households with the military system.This practice can be regarded as a foregoer of the so called one whip policy introduced in Wanli period.