日本福岛核污水排海的监督困境及其对策——以环境法中的“风险预防”原则为视角

The Challenges and Strategies of Monitoring Japan’s Fukushima Nuclear-contaminated Water Discharge into the Sea:An Perspective from the“Precautionary Principle”in Environmental Law

日本核污水排放活动不仅引发了许多国家的高度关切,而且国际原子能机构也介入其中,但现实情况却是国际社会无法对其实施有效的监督。主要原因在于日本有步骤地采取了混淆排放行为性质,选择标准限制较低的排放方式以及主动适用尚不完善的部门法律等方法。对此,有必要跳出当前国际原子能法的框架束缚,将日本的排污行为还原为国际环境法下的规制对象,着重运用“风险预防”原则加以应对。该原则不仅在合作义务方面具有更强的约束力,而且包括更加完善的责任承担机制。通过分析国际环境法中“风险”的内涵、阈值以及与污染形式间的关系,足以证立日方排海行为应受到“风险预防”原则的严格约束。

The discharge of nuclearcontaminated water by Japan has not only raised significant concerns from many countries,but also led to the involvement of the International Atomic Energy Agency.However,the reality is that the international community is unable to effectively supervise Japan’s actions.The main reason for being trapped in this predicament is that Japan has systematically confused the nature of its discharge,chosen discharge methods with lower standards,and intentionally applied imperfect sectoral laws.Therefore,it is necessary to break free from the current framework of international nuclear law and restore Japan’s action as a regulated object under international environmental law.This article emphasizes the application of the precautionary principle,which not only has stronger binding obligations in terms of cooperation duties but also includes a more comprehensive mechanism for liability.However,after analyzing the connotation of risk,thresh olds,and the relationship with forms of pollution in international environmental law,it is evident that Japan’s discharge should be strictly constrained by the precautionary principle.