所知与能知:人类知识的多重向度

The Known and the Knower:The Multiple Dimensions of Human Knowledge

当代西方主流知识论以“被辩护或证成的真信念”为知识的形态。与之相异,知识的真切意义表现为“有可靠根据的并引向真实存在(所知)的判断”。对知识的考察关乎知识的分类,但这种分类不宜引向知识的泛化。当知识以语言、逻辑的形式呈现,并以论证和辩护为维护与确认的方式时,其形态具有明晰的特点;当非语言的表达成为其主要形式、实际完成某事的行为能力成为知识确证的实质方式时,知识便以默会的形态呈现,知识的现实形态在于两者的关联与互动。从更广的角度看,知识的形成又与形而上的背景相联系。从“所知”的角度看,需要关注本然的存在与现实世界的区分;就“能知”而言,则应肯定主体的德性,后者构成了能知的本体论规定。“所知”与“能知”在广义的认识过程中相互关联,展示了知识与存在的交融。

Contemporary mainstream epistemology in the West adopts"defended or proven true beliefs"as its form of knowledge.However,the true essence of knowledge lies in reliable judgment leading to true existence(known).Further examination of knowledge involves its classification,but this classification should not lead to the generalization of knowledge.When knowledge is conveyed through language and logic,maintained,and confirmed through argumentation and defense,its form is characterized as clear.Conversely,when nonverbal expression becomes predominant and the ability to effectively accomplish something serves as the substantive means of confirming knowledge,it assumes a tacit form.The true nature of knowledge lies in the correlation and interaction between these two forms.From a broader perspective,the formation of knowledge is intertwined with a metaphysical backdrop.From the perspective of the"known,"it is necessary to distinguish between natural existence and the real world.Regarding"knowing,"it is essential to affirm the virtue of the subject,which constitutes the ontological provision of knowledge."Knowing"and"known"are interrelated in the expansive process of understanding,demonstrating the integration of knowledge and existence.