战后初期苏联粮食危机原因探析(1945—1953)

An Analysis of the Causes of the Soviet Food Crisis in the Early Postwar Period,1945—1953

1945—1953年,苏联陷入了严重的粮食危机,其根本原因是多方面的。首先,苏德战争不仅导致苏联粮食产量减少,还对农业生产基础造成了长期损害;与此同时,刚走出战争阴霾的苏联又遭逢了多次自然灾害,对粮食生产造成不利影响。其次,苏联的农业经济制度强硬、短视且忽视物质激励,严重削弱了农民的生产积极性,制约了粮食产量的提高。再次,无论是实行粮食配给制还是自由购销制,分配体制内在的弊端未得到有效纠正,导致民众始终无法自由平等地获取足够的粮食。最后,冷战的爆发及升级对国际粮食贸易格局产生了深远影响,素来高度依赖粮食进口的苏联终止了粮食进口,并在国内自给困难的情况下仍继续出口粮食,导致了不可逆转的贸易逆差,加剧了国内粮食危机的严重性。

In 1945—1953,the Soviet Union experienced a severe food crisis and its root causes lay in different aspects.Firstly,the Soviet-German war not only led to a reduction in Soviet food production,but also caused long-term damage to the material and technological basis of agricultural production;meanwhile,the Soviet Union,which had just emerged from the war,was struck by many natural disasters,which had a negative impact on food production.Secondly,the Soviet Union's hard-line agricultural economic system was short-sighted and ignored material incentives,severely weakening farmers' incentives to produce and constraining the increase in food production.Thirdly,whether the food was rationed or purchased,the inherent shortcomings of the distribution system weren't corrected effectively.So people still were unable to obtain sufficient food freely and equally.Lastly,the outbreak and escalation of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union had a profound impact on the pattern of international food trade.The Soviet Union,which had always relied heavily on food imports,ended its food imports and continued to export food despite its difficulties in domestic self-sufficiency,leading to an irreversible trade deficit and exacerbating the severity of the domestic food crisis.