资本的历史透视:马克思所有权理论解析

Historical Perspective of Capital:An Analysis of Marx's Ownership Theory

所有权不仅是表征权利的法权概念,更是诉诸人与物所有关系的现实表达.对于马克思所有权的理论,我们可以借助资本生成的三个历史阶段,把目光集中在不同阶段的所有权更替上加以考察.在资本的史前史阶段,以公社为载体的共同体所有,其实质是劳动者对劳动客观条件的所有,孕育了所有的最初规定.在原始积累中土地私有化的过程推进生产者与生产资料的分离,构成了资本形成史中财产私有的现代转向.资本主义积累开启资本的现代史,剩余价值的资本化内含从劳动所有扩展到资本所有的双重形式,财产所有在资本主义的积累过程中就形成了现代分离.资本的形成发展离不开财产私有,解析马克思的所有权理论,能够以所有权透视资本生成的历史规律,不断变化的所有权也能够佐证社会革新交替的历史必然性.

Ownership is not only a political category of rights,but also a realistic expression of the relation-ship between people and things.For Marx's theory of ownership,we can look at the ownership change in different stages with the help of the three historical stages of capital generation.In the prehistory stage of capital,communi-ty ownership with commune as the carrier,in essence,was the laborer's ownership of the objective conditions of labor,which gave birth to the initial regulation of ownership.In the original accumulation,the process of land privatization promoted the separation of producers and means of production,which constituted the modern turn to private property in the history of capital formation.When the accumulation of capitalism started the modern history of capital,the capitalization of surplus value has contained a dual form from labor ownership to capital owner-ship,which has led to the modern separation of property ownership in the process of capitalist accumulation.The formation and development of capital can't be separated from private property.Analyzing Marx's ownership theory can reveal the historical law of capital generation by ownership,and the changing ownership can also prove the historical inevitability of the alternation of social innovation.