“三权分置”数据产权制度基本问题阐析

Analysis of the basic issues of the“three rights separation”data property rights system

对数据产权给予恰当的权利定位,有助于让数据成为创造和捕获价值的新经济资源。数据的价值在于使用,而传统数据产权模式在促进数据流动、体现公平分配、保障数据安全等方面存在局限,依循既有的概念术语和体系结构难以实现数据价值化的经济过程,立法规则的留白处理也导致学界对数据产权的理论界定逻辑和实施路径莫衷一是。数字经济的发展需要现有法律对新问题作出规范化解释。根据数据资源作为新型生产要素的特性,数据资源持有权、数据加工使用权、数据产品经营权“三权分置”的数据产权制度框架被创造性提出,这摆脱了“权属决定流转”的桎梏。“三权分置”围绕数据价值形成和实现的过程建立了结构性产权分置制度,这与数据产业链的运行逻辑一脉相承;三权之间的结构性关系建构于数据全生命周期的流转状态,因而更利于满足多元主体对高质量可再利用数据要素的需求。但“三权分置”数据产权制度采用的“产权”概念完全不同于传统的财产权或产权概念,它的法理正当性、立法可行性等问题仍需详加讨论和细致分析。“三权分置”产权制度的理论逻辑可以从两阶层、内外部的立体结构体系加以理解,明晰该制度的基本问题将对我国数据产权制度体系的深入研究有较大助益。

A proper positioning of data property rights can help data become a new economic resource for creating and capturing value.The value of data lies in its use.The traditional data property rights model has institutional gaps in promoting data flow,reflecting fair distribution,and ensuring data security.There is a clear institutional supply gap and insufficient support in following existing concepts,terminology,and system structures to achieve data value in the economic process.Moreover,the blank handling of legislative rules has led to inconsistent theoretical logic and implementation paths for defining data property rights in academia.The development of the digital economy requires existing laws to provide standardized explanations for the new problems that arise.Based on the characteristics of data resources as a new type of production factor,the data property rights system framework of“three rights separation”has been creatively proposed,which breaks away from the shackles of“ownership determines circulation”.The“three rights separation”establishes a structural property rights separation system and the operational logic of the data industry chain around the process of forming and realizing data value.The structural relationship between the three rights is constructed in the flow state of the entire data lifecycle,which is more conducive to meeting the needs of multiple entities for high-quality reusable data elements.However,the concept of“property rights”adopted by the“three rights separation”data property rights system is completely different from traditional property rights or property rights concepts,and its legal legitimacy,legislative feasibility,and other issues still need to be discussed and analyzed in detail.The theoretical logic of the“three rights separation”property rights system can be understood from a two-tier,internal and external three-dimensional structural system.Clarifying the basic issues of this system will be of great benefit to the in-depth research of China’s data property rights system.