中国早期“技”论的分判与合流——以身和器为中心

The Separation and Merging of Views on Artifice and Technique in Early China——Centred on Body and Artifact

虽然手艺具有相当强的概括力,但是不可否认在中国早期文献语境中,对手的描述少之又少。道家重视技与身之关系,旨在实现个体得心应手之神遇境界;与道家不同,儒家重视技与作之关系,作将人文、礼制与自然区分开来。其中,作器、作文、作乐和作人,均有着特定的实现步骤和程序。上述道家和儒家之技论,交织、渗透到了书法、绘画和文学思想中,最终均指向了超越性境界,以求实现由技入道、艺道合一之境界,道家之超越境界与儒家之工夫修炼趋向一致。在中国古典语境中,技以身和器为中心,向外扩展其边界和意义。身体各组成部分之间有等级秩序,心最高,五官、手足都受心的统领。在此一系统中,由低往高的秩序使得技本身受到忽视。在终极意义上,技通往道,是从五官和四肢所知觉之形向心凝之神转化的过程。也就是说,关于手的看法,融于技、道、礼,它们之间的此消彼涨,体现了观念之间的相辅相成和相互转化。

Although craft has considerable generalizing power,it is undeniable that in the context of early Chinese literature,there are very few descriptions of hand.Unlike Taoism,which emphasizes the relationship between technique and body,aiming to realize the realm of divine encounter in which the individual is at ease with his or her own hands,Confucianism emphasizes the relationship between artifice and creation,distinguishing the humanities,rituals and nature.Among them,making artifacts,producing literary works,composing music and acting as human have specific steps and procedures for realization.The above Daoist and Confucian views of artifice and technique are interwoven and permeated into calligraphy,painting and literary thought,and ultimately point to the transcendental realm,in order to realize the realm of transcendence from technique into Tao and the unity of art and Tao,the transcendental realm of Taoism and the cultivation of kung fu in Confucianism tend to be the same.In the classical Chinese context,technique is centered on body and artifacts,expanding its boundaries and meaning outwards.There is a hierarchical order among the components of the body,with the heart being the highest,and the five senses,hands,and feet being under the dominion of the heart.In this system,the order from lower to higher makes technique itself neglected.In the ultimate sense,technique leads to the Tao,a process of transformation from the form perceived by the five senses and limbs to the spirit condensed by the heart.In other words,the view of the hand is integrated into technique,Dao,and ritual,and the interplay between them is a reflection of the complementarity and mutual transformation between the concepts.