《民法典》视域下金钱债务合同僵局的化解

The Resolution of the Deadlock in Monetary Obligation Contract from the Perspective of Civil Code

金钱债务合同僵局表现为债务人难以继续履行金钱给付义务,而债权人要求实际履行,其涉及的实质问题是合同拘束力限制制度的适用和完善。依据债务人不履行合同义务的行为是否影响公共利益,可区分其为一般形态和特殊形态。针对一般僵局的化解,现有的合同拘束力限制制度存有漏洞:法定解除权规则因金钱债务人和债权人根本利益不一致而无法适用,情事变更制度因前提要件和结果要件的严格限制而仅能适用于部分僵局;减损规则在金钱债务合同僵局的适用具有间接性。故可类推适用违约方解除权制度,借助“禁止权利滥用”原则构造债权人无正当理由应当同意转租的非金钱义务,并由法院对金钱债务合同僵局是否形成及应否化解进行审慎认定。针对特殊僵局,可由司法机关借助比例原则裁定私人利益和社会公益在交叉处发生冲突的“权利部分”,并借助强制缔约规定划定权利位阶,以确定私主体的合同关系是否解除及债务人的赔偿限度。

The deadlock in monetary obligation contract is manifested in the fact that it is difficult for the debtor to continue to perform the obligation of money payment,while the creditor requires actual performance.The substantive problem involved is the application and improvement of the system of contract binding force limitation.According to whether the debtor’s non-performance of contractual obligations affects the public interest,it can be divided into general form and special form.In view of the resolution of the general deadlock,there are loopholes in the existing contract binding restriction system:the statutory right of rescission rule cannot be applied because of the inconsistency between the fundamental interests of the debtor and the creditor,and change of circumstances can only be applied to some deadlocks because of the strict restrictions on the premise and result elements.The application of derogation obligation in the deadlock in monetary obligation contract is indirect.Therefore,the system of the defaulting party’s right of rescission can be applied by analogy,and the non-monetary obligation that the creditor should agree to sublease without justifiable reasons can be constructed by means of the principle of“prohibition of abuse of rights”.The court carefully determines whether the deadlock in the monetary obligation contract is formed and whether it should be resolved.In response to the special deadlock,the judiciary can use the principle of proportionality to determine the“right part”of the conflict between private interests and social welfare at the intersection,and use the compulsory contracting provisions to delineate the right level to determine whether the contractual relationship of the private subject is terminated and the debtor’s compensation limit.