合同成立中的目的意思与目的解释论要

Study on the Purpose Meaning and Purpose Interpretation in theFormation of Contract

采取从法律行为到意思表示到目的意思的层次递进的分析方法,可以判定合同成立的唯一要件是意思表示达成一致,而意思表示的要件是表示行为和目的意思。国际立法以及国内实证法表明,意思表示中的目的意思即合同成立的主要条款是当事人、标的和数量三项。由于意思均需借助行为得以表达,也只有客观展现出的表示行为才存在法律上的规范意义,故意思表示解释原则上应采取表示主义为主、意思主义为辅的二元模式。与历史解释相配合,目的解释可以从过去到现实两个层面实现对立法者的主观意图和立法的客观含义的探求。与此类似,意思表示与法律行为的解释同样应以规范目的为解释目标,从文义解释出发,将目的解释作为归宿,以“客观理性第三人通常的理解”为视角,探求文字和行为所展现出的当事人的规范合意,并据此判断合同是否成立。

By adopting a hierarchical and progressive analysis method from legal acts to expressions of intention to the intended meaning,it can be determined that the sole requirement for the formation of a contract is the consensus reached through the expression of intention,and the requirements for the expression of intention are the act of expression and the intended meaning.International legislation as well as domestic empirical evidence indicate that the main terms for the formation of a contract,or the intended meanings in the expression of intention,are the parties,the subject matter,and the quantity.Since intentions need to be expressed through actions,and only objectively manifested acts of expression have legal normative significance,the interpretation of expressions of intention should,in principle,adopt a dual model with objectivism(the principle of expression)as the primary focus and subjectivism(the principle of intention)as secondary.In combination with historical interpretation,interpretive purposes can achieve a subjective and objective understanding of legislative intent,as well as an exploration of historical and contemporary contexts.Similarly,the interpretation of expressions of intention and legal acts should also aim at normative purposes,starting from the literal meaning and using interpretive intentions as the destination,with a perspective based on"the usual understanding of a third-party observer in objective reason",to seek the normative consent of the parties evident in the words and actions,and to determine whether a contract has been formed based on this.