人民法院证据制度建设的演变与挑战

The evolution of the construction of the evidence system of the people's courts and the challenges of the times

证据乃法治之基石,人民法院证据制度建设是推动我国证据法治发展的重要力量。改革开放以来,人民法院证据制度建设经历了附属发展时期、相对独立时期、迈向完全独立的探索时期三个阶段。其发展规律主要体现为:体系化规范与专门性规范并进,司法需求推动证据制度建设,国家与地方证据制度双向互动。然而,人民法院证据制度建设也存在一些理论障碍,如证据法的理论体系、证据法的理论基础、证据属性的内涵均未形成共识,不符合法定证据种类的证据不得作为定案根据。此外,数字时代不断应用的新技术给人民法院证据制度建设带来了新的挑战,主要包括在线诉讼对直接言词原则的挑战、异步审理对集中审理原则的背离、大数据分析用于证据推理的风险、电子数据存在多种证据偏在。

Evidence is the cornerstone of the rule of law,and the construction of the evidence system of the people's court is an important force to promote the development of the rule of law in our country.Since the reform and opening policy gets implemented,the construction of the evidence system of the people's court has undergone three stages:the subsidiary development period,the incomplete independence period,and the exploration towards complete independence period.The law directing the development of the evidence system is mainly reflected in the following three aspects:simultaneous development of the systematic norms and specialized norms,judicial needs driven construction of the evidence system,and bilateral interaction between the national evidence system and local evidence system.However,there are still some theoretical obstacles in the construction of the evidence system of the people's court.For example,the consensus has not been reached in the understanding of the theoretical system of evidence law,the theoretical basis of evidence law,and the connotation of nature of evidence.Still evidence that does not conform to the legitimate types of evidence cannot be admissible.In addition,the continuous application of new technologies in the digital era has brought new challenges to the construction of the evidence system of the people's court,including the challenge to the principle of direct speech caused by the online litigation,the departure from the principle of centralized trial caused by the asynchronous trial,the risk of unreliable evidential reasoning when big data analysis is used,and multiple disparities existed in electronic data evidence.