互动和张力:20世纪初期中国与国际精制毒品管制体系的构建

Interaction and Tension:The Chinese Governments and International Anti-Drug System in Early Twentieth Century

20世纪初期,中国积极参与国际禁毒体系构建时期的三个重要事件:上海万国禁烟会、海牙国际鸦片会议和日内瓦国际鸦片会议。虽然三次会议重点讨论鸦片的过量产销用问题,但对吗啡等精制毒品的泛滥也有所关注。中国代表屡次提议讨论吗啡等精制毒品问题,希望借助国际合作遏制它们在中国的扩散,转移他国代表对中国鸦片问题的批评,并借禁毒问题谴责治外法权等列强在华特权。中国和20世纪初期国际禁毒体系的互动是双向的。一方面,中国的倡议促进了国际社会对精制毒品的管制;另一方面,国际禁毒体系的演进也影响了中国禁毒政策的制定。此外,二者之间也存在着持续的张力。国际社会诘责中国鸦片泛滥等问题,与此同时,中国对英国等殖民列强主导的国际禁毒体系之不公平多有不满。这种互动和张力既影响了中国禁毒政策的制定,也折射了中国禁毒外交在殖民列强的阻碍下取得的有限突破。

The present paper,looking back at the history,in which China actively participated in several rounds of international anti-drug conferences and criticized foreign powers' extraterritoriality in China,reveals that,on the one hand,China's initiative advanced the international control of refined drugs and the evolution of international anti-drug system influenced China's anti-drug policy,and on the other hand,China was discontented with the international anti-drug system at the mercy of colonial powers such as the British empire.