不同播种方式对冬小麦产量构成和旗叶光合特性的影响

Effects of Different Sowing Methods on Yield Components and Flag Leaf Photosynthetic Characteristics of Winter Wheat

探究不同播种方式对冬小麦光合特性以及籽粒产量的影响,为进一步提高冬小麦产量提供理论依据。以‘济麦44’为试验材料,于2018—2019年和2019—2020年在潍坊市农业科学院昌邑试验农场和山东省泰安市岱岳区岳洋专业合作社进行,在大田条件下设置了4种播种方式:冬小麦精播半精播(PS)、冬小麦宽幅精播(WPS)、冬小麦苗带少耕播种(LTS)和冬小麦耙压一体单粒匀播(SUS)。分别于小麦苗期、返青期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期测定不同播种方式下冬小麦分蘖成穗率、叶片SPAD值、叶面积指数、净光合速率、有效光强辐射以及产量,并分析不同播种方式下,冬小麦种群结构和生理特性之间的差异。试验表明,2年2点SUS平均分蘖成穗率相较于PS、WPS和LTS分别提高了14.94%、29.37%和15.03%;旗叶叶绿素含量于扬花期和灌浆中期分别提高了7.54%、7.06%、5.79%和8.30%、8.15%、5.50%;叶面积指数于扬花期分别提高了13.8%、8.88%和6.32%;旗叶净光合速率于扬花期分别提高了13.15%、11.50%和12.23%;冠层光合有效辐射量于扬花期分别提高了17.10%、18.96%和10.73%;产量方面,SUS相较于其他3种播种方式,2年2点穗数、千粒重和产量分别增加了5.17%~8.93%、5.33%~9.52%和6.11%~14.86%。综合来看,SUS相较于PS、WPS和LTS可显著提升小麦的分蘖成穗率和旗叶光合特性,并最终通过穗数和千粒重的增加,实现了籽粒产量的增加。冬小麦耙压一体单粒匀播方式(SUS)可显著改善冬小麦的光合能力,增加冠层截获的有效光辐射量,是实现冬小麦高产较合理的播种模式。

To explore the effects of different sowing methods on the photosynthetic characteristics and grain yield of winter wheat,and provide a theoretical basis for further improving winter wheat yield,‘Jimai 44’was used as the experimental material and the experiment was conducted at Changyi Experimental Farm of Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Yueyang Professional Cooperative in Daiyue District of Tai'an City from 2018 to 2019 and 2019 to 2020.Four sowing methods were set up under field conditions including winter wheat precision sowing and semi precision sowing(PS),winter wheat wide precision sowing(WPS),winter wheat seedling with less tillage sowing(LTS),and winter wheat rake pressure integration single grain uniform sowing(SUS).The tillering rate,leaf SPAD value,leaf area index,net photosynthetic rate,effective light intensity radiation,and yield of winter wheat under different sowing methods at the wheat seedling stage,turning green stage,jointing stage,filling stage,and mature stage were measured.The differences in the structure and physiological characteristics of winter wheat population under different sowing methods were analyzed.The experiment showed that the average tillering rate of SUS in two years increased by 14.94%,29.37%,and 15.03%compared to PS,WPS,and LTS,respectively;the chlorophyll content of flag leaves increased by 7.54%,7.06%,5.79%,and 8.30%,8.15%,5.50%during flowering and mid filling stages,respectively;the leaf area index increased by 13.8%,8.88%,and 6.32%during the flowering period,respectively;the net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves increased by 13.15%,11.50%,and 12.23%during the flowering period,respectively;the photosynthetic effective radiation of the canopy increased by 17.10%,18.96%,and 10.73%during the flowering period,respectively.In terms of yield,compared to other three sowing methods,SUS increased the number of panicles,thousand grain weight,and yield by 5.17%-8.93%,5.33%-9.52%,and 6.11%-14.86%,respectively,in two years.Overall,compared to PS,WPS,and LTS,SUS can significantly improve the tillering rate and flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics of wheat,and ultimately achieve an increase in grain yield by increasing the number of spikes and thousand grain weights.The integrated single grain uniform sowing method(SUS)of winter wheat with harrowing and pressing can significantly improve the photosynthetic capacity of winter wheat,increase the effective amount of light radiation intercepted by the canopy,and is a reasonable sowing mode for achieving high yield of winter wheat.