气氛与反差

Atmosphere and Contrast

德国哲学家格诺特·波默倡导的“气氛美学”在中国引起很大反响,波默在其《感知学》一书中又以“反差”作为气氛营造的重要条件。“反差”确实会使气氛具有更为丰富和复杂的内蕴。从艺术创作来看,“反差”的运用尤有审美价值。这在中国古代诗词中是有普遍性的呈现的。诗词中的气氛具有不可忽视的空间性。反差的存在与运用,使作品的审美空间具有强烈的张力。诗词作品中的气氛反差,大致可以分为两种情形:一种是呈现在作品的表层结构中的反差,一种是诗人由于感受到的反差的激发而营造出的更为强烈的气氛。波默的气氛美学特具通感的功能,在中国诗学界,通感因钱锺书先生以中国诗词中的通感现象的阐发而广为人知。从感知的角度看,通感也是离不开反差的。反差并不是导致作品境界的支离,恰恰是在更高的层面上形成了审美和谐。诗词作品正是因为反差的大量存在,而产生着更为渊深而又更为丰富的意境。

The"atmospheric aesthetics"advocated by German philosopher Gernot Bohme(格诺特·波默)has aroused great echoes in China.Bohme also takes"contrast"as an important condition for atmospheric construction in his book entitled Aesthetic(《感知学》)."Contrast"may indeed give the atmosphere a richer and more complex connotation.From the point of view of artistic creation,the use of"contrast"is particularly of aesthetic value.This is a universal expression in ancient Chinese poems.The atmosphere in poems has the unignorable spatial character.The existence and use of contrast can provide the aesthetic space of the poetic works with strong tension.The atmospheric contrast in poetic works can be roughly divided into two situations.In one situation,the atmospheric contrast is presented in the surface structure of the poetic works,while in the other situation,a stronger atmosphere is created by the poet due to the stimulation of contrast he feels.Bohme's atmospheric aesthetics has a special function of synesthesia,which is widely known to the Chinese poetic circles because of Professor Qian Zhongshu's(钱书)explanation of the phenomena of synesthesia in Chinese poetic works.From the perspective of perception,synesthesia is also inseparable from contrast.Contrast does not lead to the fragmentation of the realm in the poetic works,but forms aesthetic harmony on a higher level.It is precisely because of the existence of a large number of contrasts that the poetic works can produce a deeper and richer aesthetic imagery.