从消极惩罪到积极治理:中国特色轻罪治理体系的反思与完善

From Negative Punishment to Positive Governance:Reflection and Improvement of the Minor Crime Governance System with Chinese Characteristics

当今中国社会的犯罪现象正在经历从重罪到轻罪的重大变化,我国轻罪治理体系也应与时俱进地进行完善。这要求我们取轻罪之长,避轻罪之短。首先,要明确轻罪的定义,可以法定刑3年有期徒刑为上限、以处带有保安处分性质的限制或剥夺人身自由措施为下限,这一轻罪概念既契合我国刑事立法和司法的现实,也是面向未来轻罪立法的一种前瞻性考虑。然后,对轻罪扩张现象进行反思,厘清轻罪扩张带来的正面功能和负面效应,指明其具有回应民意、完善立法、规范行为的优势,也揭示其简化司法、异化刑罚、附随后果过剩的缺陷。在此基础上,对我国轻罪治理体系进行完善,在实体层面依据《刑法》第13条的但书规定和第37条的定罪免刑规定,建立多元的轻罪处遇模式;在程序法层面贯彻“三分原则”;在附随后果上严格限制适用主体、对象和内容;在前科消灭上逐步建立犯罪记录封存、注销和复权制度。这样多措并举,推动我国轻罪治理体系从消极惩罪向积极治理的现代化转型。

The crime phenomenon in today’s Chinese society is undergoing a significant transformation from serious crimes to mi-nor crimes,and the governance system for minor crimes in China should also be improved in keeping with the times.This requires us to take the strengths of minor offenses and avoid the weaknesses of minor offenses.Firstly,it is necessary to clarify the definition of misde-meanor,which can be capped at a statutory sentence of three years imprisonment and capped at a measure of restriction or deprivation of personal freedom with security measures.This concept of misdemeanor is not only in line with the reality of China’s criminal legisla-tion and judiciary,but also a forward-looking consideration for future misdemeanor legislation.Then,reflect on the phenomenon of the expansion of misdemeanor,clarify the positive functions and negative effects brought about by the expansion of misdemeanor,point out its advantages in responding to public opinion,improving legislation,and regulating behavior,and also reveal its shortcomings in sim-plifying justice,alienating punishment,and having excessive accompanying consequences.On this basis,we will improve the govern-ance system for minor offenses in China,and establish a diverse model of handling minor offenses at the substantive level based on the provisions of Article 13 of the Criminal Law and Article 37 of the Criminal Law on conviction and exemption from punishment;Imple-ment the“three part principle”at the level of procedural law;Strictly limit the subject,object,and content of the application in the accompanying consequences,and gradually establish a system for sealing,canceling,and restoring criminal records in the elimination of criminal records.By implementing multiple measures in this way,we can promote the modernization of China’s system for managing minor crimes from passive punishment to active governance.