数据要素经济学:特征、确权、定价与交易

Data Factor Economics:Characteristics,Right Confirmation,Pricing and Transaction

数据作为新型生产要素已经融入到生产、分配、流通和消费的各个环节,有助于生产力增强、企业创新和资源配置效率提升。相较其他传统要素,数据要素具有虚拟性与非消耗性、非竞争性、价值不确定性、非静态性、正外部性五大特征,并对包括规模经济、范围经济、边际报酬递减规律、私人物品与公共物品等基本经济学原理赋予新的意义。梳理和比较文献后发现,数据确权、数据定价和数据交易构成了数据要素市场的三大核心内容。从促进数据要素市场发展视角看,数据确权亟需明确权利性质和划分权利主体,数据定价需要结合具体的场景、定价策略和定价模型,数据交易则依赖数据参与者存在不同的商业模式和交易机制。展望未来,数据技术发展、数据产权分置和数据垄断问题将会成为影响数据市场发展不可忽视的重要因素。

As a new factor of production,data are integrated into all aspects of production,distribution,circulation and consumption,and they are helpful to enhance productivity,innovation and resource allocation efficiency.Compared with other traditional factors,data have five characteristics:virtuality and non-consumption,non-competitiveness,value uncertainty,nonstaticity,and positive externalities.Data economics will make some changes to the basic economic principles such as economies of scale,economies of scope,the law of diminishing marginal returns,private goods and public goods.Combing and comparing the literature reveals data rights confirmation,data pricing and data transactions constitute three core elements of data market.From the perspective of promoting the development of data factor markets,data rights confirmation needs clarifying the nature of rights and dividing rights subjects,data pricing should combine specific scenarios,pricing strategies and pricing models,while data transactions relies on the existence of different business models and trading mechanisms for data participants.Looking forward,the development of data technology,the division of data property rights and data monopoly will become three important forces shaping the evolvement of the data market.