丘陵谷地传统聚落空间形态及其环境适应性解析——以重庆黔江凤台村为例

Spatial Configuration and Environmental Adaptability of Traditional Settlement in Hilly Valley:Taking Fengtai Village in Qianjiang,Chongqing,China as an Example

巴渝地区多样性与异质性地理环境孕育了极具特色的传统聚落空间。传统聚落研究大多探究其空间形态、形制格局、类型特征及演进规律,而针对多文化汇集区——武陵山片区传统聚落空间形态及其环境适应性的综合解析框架的整体性不足,没有考虑与社会环境多因子要素相结合。本文以丘陵山谷地区的重庆黔江土家族聚落凤台村为研究对象,采用空间句法作为分析工具,通过对整合度与聚落结构、选择度与聚落节点、理解度与聚落界面的模拟分析,探讨以环境适应性为核心的耦合互动机制,并进一步结合地理环境、生计环境和文化环境等多因子影响因素,具体阐释这种互动机制的诱因、制约、协同与调适过程。研究发现:(1)凤台村聚落空间呈带状分布,空间组织受主轴线与等高线双重限制,空间布局呈现中部聚集,边缘分散的形态,并最终形成顺应地形、平行轴线、均匀分布的聚落肌理,具有相似特征的聚落形态在渝东南、鄂西南、湘西北等中国南方山地区域广泛分布。(2)凤台村聚落沿山谷等高线布局,呈现出“长街短巷”空间特征,是基于民间生活习俗自下而上形成的聚落主体结构,该街巷结构空间承载了集约生产、公共生活、邻里交流等多重功能,体现了丘陵谷地区域乡土社会的特色结构。(3)凤台村聚落的公共空间分为生产性、生活性和文化性三类。其中生活性空间连接性较高,与当代农业生计的延续相关;文化性空间的选择度有限,与公共空间环境配套不足下的行为感知度弱化有关。(4)凤台村聚落界面是人地关系下自然与人工机制的相互作用结果,反映了聚落共同体基于生计方式、民俗文化和自然地理的互动机制;形成了明确的生活区、生产区和公共文化区,展现了乡土社会多民族交融的文化习俗。本研究可为传统聚落遗产保护修复、文化旅游开发以及乡村全面振兴建设提供理论支撑,为丘陵谷地传统聚落的可持续发展提供实践指导。

The diverse and heterogeneous geographic environment of the Bayu region,southeast China has cultivated highly distinctive traditional settlement configuration.Traditional settlements were addressed in previous studies for their spatial structures,layouts,features,types and evolution laws,but for the ethnic settlements in the Wuling Mountain Region,where it is a complex of multicultural residence,there was little effort to make for a comprehensive interpretation of its spatial pattern and environmental adaptability,even without inclusion of multi-factor elements of social environment in research framework.In this paper,Fengtai village,a Tujia settlement at a hilly valley site in Qianjiang county,Chongqing municipality,China,was taken for a case study of traditional settlement research.By spatial syntax method,it conducted modelling of traditional settlement regarding the Integration and settlement structure,the Choice and settlement nodes,and the Intelligibility and settlement interface,which contributed to a full understanding of the interaction mechanism between natural element and artificial element of traditional settlement for environmental adaptability.Then process of triggering,constraining,synergizing and adapting this interaction was further specified in relation to the multifactorial influences of the geographic,livelihood and cultural environments.(1)The settlement structure at Fengtai village was a zonal pattern,spatially organized by restriction of both main axis and contour line;thus the spatial layout was clustered in the middle and scattered at the edges,forming a settlement texture conforming to local terrain,parallel axis and uniform distribution.Ethic settlements with the similar features were widely distributed in the mountainous areas of south China,such as southeast Chongqing,southwest Hubei and northwest Hunan.(2)Fengtai village situated along valley contour,exhibited a shape of long streets but short alleys,which exemplified a popular structure of settlements created on local habits and customs.This type of settlement structure was loaded with multiple functions such as intensive production,public life and neighborhood communication,reflecting the characteristic of the rural society in hilly valley regions.(3)The public space of Fengtai village could be divided into three categories of attributes,i.e.,production,life and culture,among which the connectivity of living space was high,being related with the continuation of contemporary agricultural livelihood.The limited selectivity of cultural space was related with the weakening of behavior perception under insufficiency of public space environment supporting.(4)The settlement interface of Fengtai village was the result of interaction between natural element and artificial element under human-land relationship,embodying a kind of internal mechanism of settlement community based on livelihood,folk culture and natural geography;therefore,a distinct living area,production area and public cultural area were delineated,reflecting a cultural custom with multi-ethnic integration in local society.This research can provide theoretical support for heritage protection and restoration of traditional settlements,cultural tourism development and comprehensive rural revitalization construction,and offer practical guidance for sustainable development of traditional settlements in hilly valleys.