tRNA衍生片段(tRFs)调节基因表达的机制及其在相关疾病中的研究进展

Mechanisms by which tRNA-derived fragments(tRFs)regulate gene expression and the development of related diseases

转运RNA(transfer RNA,tRNA)衍生片段(tRNA-derived fragments,tRFs)是一类新的调节性非编码RNA,在应激诱导的疾病和癌症中具有独特的生物学功能。细胞必须合成新的蛋白质来维持其寿命,而tRNAs是蛋白质翻译过程的重要组成部分。成熟tRNAs和前体tRNAs根据不同的酶切位点被裂解为两种类型:tRNA半体(tiRNAs,长度为28~36 nt)和tRFs(长度为14~30 nt)。前者包含2个亚类:5′-tiRNAs和3′-tiRNAs,后者分为5个亚类:tRF-1、tRF-2、tRF-3、tRF-5和i-tRF。tRFs通过与其他类型的RNA或蛋白质相互作用来调节基因的表达,并在多种疾病中异常表达,如在神经退行性病变、病毒感染等多种疾病中发挥重要作用,且在胃癌、肝癌等多种癌症中异常表达。本文就tRFs在人类疾病中的研究进展进行综述。

Transfer RNA(tRNA)derived fragments(tRNA-derived fragments,tRFs)are a new class of regulatory non-coding RNAs with unique biological functions in stress-induced diseases and cancer.Cells must synthesize new proteins to maintain their lifespan,and tRNAs are important components of the protein translation process.Mature tRNAs and precursor tRNAs are cleaved into two types according to different enzymatic cleavage sites:tRNA halves(tiRNAs,28-36 nt)and tRFs(14-30 nt).The former contains two subclasses:5′-tiRNAs and 3′-tiRNAs,and the latter is divided into five subclasses:tRF-1,tRF-2,tRF-3,tRF-5,and i-tRF.tRFs regulated gene expression by interacting with other types of RNAs or proteins,and are abnormally expressed in a variety of diseases,they play an important role in a lot of diseases,such as neurodegenerative diseases and viral infections,and they are abnormally expressed in many cancers,such as gastric and liver cancers,etc.This article provides a review of the progress of research on tRFs in human diseases.