浅析宗藩体制下清政府对琉球态度的转变——以“脱清人”的活动为中心

An Analysis of the Changes in the Qing Government Towards Ryukyu Under the Suzerain-Vassal System--Centered on the Activities of“Ryukyu People”

在近代风云变化的东亚地区,随着西方列强的侵入,清朝与琉球的宗藩关系受到了巨大冲击。自明治维新以来,日本侵略的步伐加快,使琉球深陷危机之中。以向德宏、蔡大鼎为代表的“脱清人”在福州、天津和北京等地开展活动以求清政府的援助。清朝作为琉球的宗主国,却对琉球显示出摇摆不定的态度。在“脱清人”的不断努力下,以“分岛改约”事件为节点,清政府对待琉球的态度出现了由轻视到重视的巨大转变,并以强硬的态度与日本谈判。直到甲午战争爆发,华夷秩序完全崩溃,这种以“宗藩体制”为主体的中琉关系最终瓦解。

In the changing East Asian region of modern times,with the continuous invasion of Western powers,the suzerain-vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Ryukyu was greatly impacted.Since the Meiji Restoration,the pace of Japanese aggression has accelerated,causing Ryukyu to be deeply in crisis.The“Ryukyu people”represented by Xiang Dehong and Cai Dading carried out activities in Fuzhou,Tianjin,and Beijing to seek assistance from the Qing government.As the suzerain of Ryukyu,the Qing Dynasty showed a wavering attitude towards Ryukyu.With the continuous efforts of the“Ryukyu people”,the Qing government’s attitude towards Ryukyu changed significantly from contempt to emphasis,taking the“Island Separation and Treaty Reform”incident as a milestone,and it negotiated with Japan in a tough manner.Until the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 and the complete collapse of the Huayi orders,the Sino Ryukyu relationship dominated by the“suzerain vassal system”ultimately disintegrated.