真“阿Q”与“假洋鬼子”:论《马伯乐》的战时症候

True"Ah Q"and"Fake Foreign Devils":On the Wartime Symptoms of Ma Bole

《马伯乐》是萧红的长篇代表作,因独特的讽刺格调而成为抗战文艺的另类,但无疑是20世纪40年代文坛值得打捞的精品。在人物构型上,萧红受到了鲁迅的文学启悟,成功调适了作为时代征象的“阿Q性”和“假洋鬼子性”,由此建构出马伯乐“假洋鬼子阿Q”的形象。在文学特质上,萧红延续以往的日常化角度、絮语式写作和冷静的叙述策略,拟游记体的发明接通了文学与现实世界之联系,为马伯乐形象的铺展提供空间。在创作观念上,萧红立足于流亡体验,在写作中贯穿了另一种“战时生活论”,经由“假洋鬼子阿Q”的发现,调适了“启蒙”与“救亡”的话语背反。因此《马伯乐》同时指向萧红以体验为本的创作观和救亡语境下的启蒙观,可被视为“反抗战文艺的抗战文艺”。

Ma Bole is a representative work of Xiao Hong,which became an alternative genre of resistance literature due to its unique satirical style.However,it is undoubtedly a masterpiece worth salvaging in the literary world of the 1940s.In terms of character configuration,Xiao Hong was inspired by Lu Xun's literature and successfully adapted the"Ah Q nature"and"fake foreign devil nature"as symbols of the time,thus constructing Ma Bole's"fake foreign devil Ah Q"image.In terms of literary characteristics,Xiao Hong continues her previous approach of daily life,writing in a narrative style and a calm narrative strategy.The invention of the quasi travelogue style connects literature with the real world,providing space for the expansion of Ma Bole's image.Based on her exile experience,Xiao Hong's writing runs through a different kind of"wartime life theory".Through the discovery of the"fake foreign devil Ah Q",it adjusts the discourse contrast between"enlightenment"and"salvation".Therefore,Ma Bole simulta-neously points to Xiao Hong's experience-based creative view and the enlightenment view in the context of saving the nation,which can be regarded as"resistance literature and art against resistance literature and art".