帮助洗钱行为扩张性认定研究

Reflection on the Expansion of Money Laundering Behavior

随着我国刑事立法对治理洗钱行为的重视和落实,司法打击的效果亟待与实践需求相适应。由于事前允诺帮助洗钱的行为存在被评价为上游共同犯罪或洗钱罪的两可性,司法实践对“通谋”的适用不论是从时间、形式还是内容的判断上都存在扩张认定为上游共犯的倾向。其中主要原因在于洗钱罪与上游帮助犯的认定界限模糊和通谋型共同犯罪处罚的法理依据不明确。为防止司法适用中刑罚权的扩张,应当严格把握共同犯罪人的成立要件。一方面,从主观上严格限制“明知”的适用语境;另一方面,从客观上厘定行为的可罚范围并注重洗钱罪法益保护的独立性,以推进反洗钱罪名的合理适用。

With the emphasis on and implementation of China's criminal legislation to combat money laundering,the effect of judicial crackdown urgently needs to be adapted to practical demands.The existence of the promise to help money laundering in advance is evaluated as the upstream joint crime or money laundering crime.In judicial practice,the application of"collusion in advance"tends to be identified as the upstream accomplice in the judgment of time,form and content.The main reason is that the boundary between the crime of money laundering and upstream help is blurred and the legal basis for the punishment of common crime is not clear.In order to prevent the expansion of the penalty power in the judicial application,the establishment requirements of the joint criminal should be strictly grasped.On the one hand,the applicable context of"knowing"is strictly restricted subjectively;on the other hand,the penalty scope of objective behavior and the independence of the legal protection of money laundering crimes are emphasized to promote the reasonable application of anti-money laundering charges.