数据产权的比较研究:实质主义范式下的数据知识产权

A comparative study of data property rights:data intellectual property rights under the substantivist paradigm

如何构建适宜的数据产权安排,是中外立法者必须回答的时代之问。依照是否主张确立专门的数据财产权,数据产权理论可分为行为规制论与权利规制论。域外主要发达国家的立法表明,一定程度的数据确权可以厘清数据法律关系,促成数据流通,但排他性数据产权不可行,且应当保障合理获取(公开)数据的自由。权利规制论中的数据知识产权理论具有制度成本低、易于实践的优点,因而成为当前我国唯一进行多个省份试点的理论。这一基于权利束而兼采知识产权“登记确权”特色的理论,可以避免排他性产权与单一行为规制的弊端,也能降低数据交易中的经济成本,并释放数据的交换价值。数据知识产权试点虽面临不少问题,但这些问题尚未动摇其理论基础。

How to build appropriate data property rights arrangements is a question of the times that Chinese and foreign legislators must answer.According to whether or not to advocate the establishment of special data property rights,the theory of data property rights can be divided into the theory of behavioral regulation and the theory of rights regulation.The legislation of major overseas developed countries shows that a certain degree of data rights can clarify the legal relationship of data and facilitate the flow of data,but exclusive data property rights are not feasible,and the freedom of reasonable access to(open)data should be guaranteed.The intellectual property rights theory of data in the regulation of rights theory has the advantages of low institutional costs and ease of practice,making it the only theory currently being piloted in several provinces in China.This theory,which is based on a bundle of rights and also adopts the characteristics of intellectual property"registration",can avoid the disadvantages of exclusive property rights and single-act regulation,and can also reduce the economic costs of data transactions and release the exchange value of data.While there are a number of issues facing data intellectual property pilots,these issues have not yet shaken their theoretical foundations.