论先秦儒墨的葬祭观——兼论葬祭厚薄与至诚之关系

On Funeral Ritual Views of Pre-Qin Confucianism and Mohism—The Relationship Between Luxurious Burial,Simple Burial and Utmost Sincerity

先秦儒家缘人情之葬祭礼文、墨家利死生之葬祭目的,均可归宿于至诚,即通过委弃、亏损自我以奉养鬼神,委弃自我的程度则代表了奉神的虔诚度。两家的葬祭观在理论导向上均有其合理性,但在礼崩乐坏的特殊时期,其理论在实践上往往有失偏颇。且在战国学派互攻的历史语境下,诸子未能始终紧扣至诚之思理,进一步遮蔽了儒墨葬祭观的合理性。

The funeral rituals and lament of pre-Qin Confucianism were based on human feelings while the funeral goal of pre-Qin Mohism was aimed at benefiting both the dead and the living,both of which can be attributed to the utmost sincerity,i.e.,to serve the ghosts and gods by abandoning and losing oneself,and the degree of abandoning oneself represents the degree of the piety of worship to the gods.Their views of funeral ritual have their rationality in theoretical orientation,but in the special period of the collapse of rites and music,their theories were often biased in practice.Moreover,in the historical context of schools’mutual attack in the Warring States,the scholars failed to always stick to the idea of the utmost sincerity,which further obscured the rationality of the Confucian and Mohist funeral ritual views.