刑行衔接视角下非法狩猎罪的刑事违法性判断

Criminal Illegality Determination of Illegal Hunting Offence from the Perspective of the Connection of Administrative Law and Criminal Law

近年来,部分关于非法狩猎“三有动物”的案件存在罪责刑不相适应的现象,引发公众诘责。在非法狩猎案件的判决中,主要存在着行为犯化严重、犯罪故意与犯罪阻却事由缺失、行政处罚与刑事处罚倒挂等问题。这些现象与问题的根源在于未对行政犯中的刑事不法进行独立判断。对行政犯认定的标准不能背离明确性、谦抑性、补充性等刑法基本理念。新修订的《野生动物保护法》已经对基本原则、保护名录评估、动物致害救济等作出新的规定,非法狩猎罪的司法解释也应当与之相衔接。应当在生态学的人类中心法益论指导下,突出“破坏野生动物资源”的刑事不法性,将“禁猎期、禁猎区或使用禁止工具狩猎”解释为对“违反国家规定”的强调,重新考量、补正“情节严重”要件的司法解释,通过增设行政处罚前置条款、常业犯、常习犯条款、非法定目的要素等方式限缩罪名成立,以情节和结果共同划定累积犯微量致害的界限,避免将行政违法行为直接作为犯罪处理。

In recent years,certain cases related to the illegal hunting of beneficial animals listed on the national register as having significant ecological,scientific,and social value has sparked public criticism due to the incongruity between the assigned criminal liability and the corresponding penalties.In the sentencing of illegal hunting cases,there exist issues including the excessive criminalization of behavior,the absence of criminal intent and obstructive grounds,and the inversion of administrative and criminal penalties.The root of these phenomena and problems lies in the failure to independently assess the criminal unlawfulness in administrative offences.The criteria for determining administrative offences should not deviate from the fundamental principles of clarity,moderation,and supplementation in criminal law.The recently revised Wildlife Protection Law has introduced new provisions regarding basic principles,protected species assessment,and remedies for wildlife damages.The judicial interpretations of illegal hunting offences should align with these changes.Guided by the human-oriented legal interest theory in ecological studies,emphasis should be placed on the criminal unlawfulness of"damaging wildlife resources."The interpretation of"prohibited hunting periods,areas,or the use of prohibited tools for hunting"should highlight violations of national regulations.There should be a reassessment and correction of the judicial interpretation of the"serious circumstances"element,potentially achieved through the addition of administrative penalty prerequisites,habitual offender clauses,provisions for habitual violations,and non-statutory purpose elements.This approach aims to narrow down the grounds for establishing the offence,delineating the cumulative offence of minor harm through both circumstances and outcomes,thus avoiding simply treating administrative violations as criminal offences.