机会平等的公平性与目标指向:基于罗尔斯和斯坎伦的比较分析

Fairness and Target Orientation of Equality of Opportunity:A Comparative Analysis Based on Rawls and Scanlon

那种依赖制度的实质机会平等,在增进社会正义的过程中要求机会平等的产生条件和结果指向的公平性。该目标的实现可以因政府看待程序公平和实质机会的关系之差异而产生不同的正当性结果。罗尔斯提出程序公平应当是五种价值共同作用的产物,目标之一是构建纯粹程序正义的标准,实质机会应当排除自然和社会的偶然因素的影响,以补偿性和预防性措施保障平等的公民权。斯坎伦提出程序公平在于没有人能够合理抱怨择优录用的个体是通过不平等的能力获得自己的职位,实质机会在于制度通过供应好的条件使优势职位向具有同等能力的个体开放。分析表明,斯坎伦解释的合理性在于从起始平等到结果正义的道德动机上,在程序公平和实质机会以并列关系促成更大的合理边界内,以及个体在民主价值的认知倾向上的一致性。

The kind of substantive equality of opportunity,which depends on the system,requires the fairness of the conditions and the result-orientation of the equality of opportunity in the process of promoting social justice.The realization of this goal can have different outcomes of legitimacy depending on how governments view the relationship between procedural fairness and substantive opportunity.Rawls proposes that procedural fairness should be the product of the joint action of five kinds of value,one of the goals is to construct the standard of pure procedural fairness,substantive opportunity should exclude the influence of natural and social accidental factors,and equal citizenship should be guaranteed by compensatory and preventive measures.According to Scanlon s interpretation,procedural fairness lies in the fact that no one can reasonably complain that individuals who choose the best candidates obtain their positions through unequal abilities,and substantive opportunity lies in the fact that the system opens up advantageous positions to individuals of equal ability by supplying good conditions.The analysis shows that the rationality of Scanlon s interpretation lies in the moral motivation from initial equality to resultant justice,in the parallel relationship between procedural fairness and substantive opportunity to promote greater reasonable boundaries,and in the consistency of individual cognitive tendencies in democratic values.