畜禽养殖场臭气治理技术研究进展

Research Progress on Odor Control Technology in Livestock and Poultry Farms

随着我国畜禽养殖规模逐渐扩大,畜禽养殖场产生的臭气问题日渐突出。在畜禽养殖过程中,养殖场的臭气主要来源于畜禽粪尿、畜禽自身排出气体、饲料残渣、污水、堆肥间等,臭味大多与氨气、硫化氢、吲哚、粪臭素等相关,其中含量较多的成分是氨气和硫化氢,会对生态环境和人体健康甚至畜禽本身产生严重危害,因此对畜禽养殖场臭气的治理迫在眉睫。针对养殖场臭气治理,可采用源头减排、过程控制和末端治理三大途径,从异位和原位进行臭气控制:异位控制是通过物理、化学和生物法对已经释放的臭气进行末端控制;原位控制是通过一些饲料添加剂对畜禽体内进行调控,从而实现过程控制和源头减排臭气,以此减轻养殖场臭气产生的危害。本文基于国内外养殖场臭气治理的相关研究,系统梳理了养殖场臭气的治理技术,并分别对各个技术进行了相关典型案例分析,为养殖场臭气治理的研究提供了一定的技术参考。

With the gradual expansion of the livestock and poultry breeding scale in China,the odor problem generated by livestock and poultry farms is becoming more and more prominent.In the process of livestock and poultry breeding,the odor of the farm mainly comes from feces and urine of livestock and poultry,gases emitted by livestock and poultry,feed residue,sewage,composting room,etc.The odor is mostly associated with ammonia,hydrogen sulfide,indole,fecal odor,etc.The most abundant components of the odor are ammonia and hydrogen sulfide,which can cause serious harm to the ecological environment and human health and even the livestock itself.Therefore,it is urgent to control the odor of livestock and poultry farms.In view of the farm odor treatment,we can start from three major approaches:source emission reduction,process control,and end treatment.Controlling the odor from the ectopic and in situ.Ectopic control is the way that we can use physical,chemical and biological methods to control the odor that has been released.In situ control is the way that we regulate the body of livestock and poultry through some feed additives,so as to reduce the odor from both source and process.These methods can reduce the harm of the farm odor.How to solve effectively the odor problem of livestock and poultry farms has attracted more and more attention.This review systematically sorts out the treatment technologies of odor in aquaculture farms,and analyzes the relevant typical cases of each technology separately,which provides some technical reference for the research of farm odor treatment.