从“理性”到“理由”:社会与情感能力培养的规范性审视

From"Rationality"to"Reasons":A Review of the Normative Dimension of Social and Emotional Competence Cultivation

在真实社会生活中,社会与情感能力不仅是平衡能力,也有道德上的对错之分。从社会与情感能力培养的角度看,规范性维度不可回避。在规范性问题上,不能再用理性至上的等级化眼光看待理性和情感关系。二者平等交融,共同为规范性奠基。社会与情感能力中的情感是包含认知因素的“大写的情感”,代表心灵整体的力量,是反思性情感。规范性的确立或者说道德判断形成的过程,就是道德理由的寻获和证成过程。经主体间的情感交流和反思所形成的理由,而不是理性,才是道德判断的根本依据。社会与情感能力培养应注重以情育德的新路。于学校而言,就是要突出情感参与、情感交流和反思、群体共同的情感关切、情感差异和情感治理等在道德理由形成中的作用。即注重情感表达,彰显学校的情感底色;培养自主反思能力,为道德判断提供矫正器;激发公共情感,为公共道德理由提供黏合剂;正视情感差异,为道德进步创造助推器;改进情感治理,为情感交流提供保障机制。

In real social life, social and emotional competences are not only a matter of balance, but also a matter of right or wrong in the moral sense. The dimension of normativity in their cultivation is unavoidable. As far as normativity is concerned, we cannot view the relationship between reason and emotion based on the supremacy of reason. They are equally blended, and both lay a foundation for normativity. In social and emotional competences, emotions, which contain cognitive factors, represent the holistic power of the mind as reflective emotions. Establishing normativity, or making moral judgments, implies the process of finding and justifying moral reasons. Reasons(rather than reason), formed through emotional communication and self-reflection, are the fundamental basis for moral judgment. Social and emotional competence cultivation needs to focus on the new path of cultivating morality through emotion. Schools need to highlight the roles of emotional participation, emotional communication and self-reflection, the emotional concern from the community, emotional disparities and emotional governance in the formation of moral reasons. That is to say, schools need to emphasize the expression of emotions, and manifest their emotional background;cultivate the ability of independent self-reflection, and provide a "corrector" for moral judgment;stimulate public emotions, and provide "glue" for public moral reasons;face up to emotional disparities, and create a "booster" for moral progress;improve emotional governance, and provide a guarantee for emotional communication.