青少年中长跑运动员跑步步态对下肢运动损伤的影响

Research on the influence of running gait on sports injuries of lower limb in middle-and long-distance teenage runners

目的:探讨步态生物力学对青少年中长跑运动员运动损伤的影响。方法:选取18名健康中长跑运动员为受试者,采用三维红外运动捕捉系统、三维测力台、激光测速系统对运动员中速跑的步态生物力学进行测试,测试后收集运动员1年内的运动损伤数据,并根据有无损伤情况,将运动员分为损伤组和无损伤组(健康组),对两组运动员的步态时空参数、地面反作用力、躯干与下肢关节角度以及下肢关节功率进行比较。结果:健康组与损伤组运动员中速跑步态时空参数、地面反作用力指标的差异不具有统计学意义(P>0.05)。关节角度:损伤组运动员的躯干最大伸展角显著大于健康组(P<0.05),而躯干最大屈曲角则显著小于健康组(P<0.05);损伤组运动员的躯干最大右侧屈角显著小于健康组(P<0.05);损伤组运动员的髋关节着地内收角、最大髋关节内收角与踝关节离地内翻角均显著小于健康组(P<0.05);损伤组运动员的踝关节着地内旋角显著小于健康组(P<0.05),踝关节离地内旋角显著大于健康组(P<0.05)。关节功率:损伤组运动员的最大髋关节伸展功率显著小于健康组(P<0.05),而最大膝关节外展功率非常显著大于健康组(P<0.01)。结论:(1)中速跑时,青少年中长跑运动员支撑腿步态时空参数、地面反作用力对下肢运动损伤的影响较小;躯干后仰程度较大、向右侧屈曲角度较小,支撑腿髋关节内收、踝关节着地时内旋角度较小,以及踝关节离地内旋角度较大的步态使下肢更易发生运动损伤;另外,在中速跑下,下肢更易受伤的青少年中长跑运动员支撑腿还表现出髋关节伸展功率较小,膝关节外展功率较大。

Objective To explore the effect of gait biomechanics on sports injuries in middle-and long-distance teenage runners.Methods Eighteen healthy middle-and long-distance runners were selected as subjects,and the biomechanics of their gait during mid-speed running was tested using a three-dimensional infrared motion capture system,a three-dimensional force measurement platform,and a laser speed measurement system.After the test,data on sports injuries within one year were collected.Based on the severity of their injuries,the athletes were divided into an injury group,and a non-injury group(healthy group).Their gait spatiotemporal parameters,ground reaction forces,and independent sample t-test for trunk and lower limb joint angles,and lower limb joint power were all analyzed.Results There was no significant difference in the spatiotemporal parameters of the mid-speed running gait and ground reaction force indicators between the two groups(P>0.05).The maximum trunk extension angle of the injury group was significantly greater than the healthy group(P<0.05),while the maximum trunk flexion angle was significantly smaller than the latter(P<0.05).Moreover,the maximum right flexion angle,hip adduction angle,maximum hip adduction angle,ankle varus angle and ankle internal rotation angle of the injury group were significantly smaller than that of the healthy group,with the ankle internal rotation angle significantly bigger than the latter(P<0.05 for all).Meanwhile,the maximum hip joint extension power of the injury group was significantly lower than the healthy group(P<0.05),while the maximum knee joint abduction power was significantly higher than the latter group(P<0.01).Conclusion When running at medium speed,the spatiotemporal parameters of the supporting leg and ground reaction force have a relatively smaller impact on lower limb sports injuries of adolescent middle-and long-distance runners,while a greater degree of trunk tilt back,a smaller right flexion angle,a smaller hip joint adduction of the supporting leg,a smaller internal rotation angle when the ankle joint is on the ground,and a higher internal rotation angle when the ankle joint is off the ground make the lower limbs more prone to sports injuries.Moreover,such runners with lower hip joint extension power and higher knee joint abduction power in their support legs are more likely to suffer from lower limb injuries.