Current status and challenges in the application of microbial PHA particles

Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs)are diversiform biopolyesters with a similar structure and different side chain groups,synthesized by a variety of microorganism.Due to their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility,PHAs have been used for many applications,including medical implants,antibacterial agents and bioengineering.Nano-architecture is an emerging area for the use of PHAs.This review summarizes the current status and challenges of PHAs-based particles on the micro-and nano-scale,including their production,degradation,biological safety,and surface functionalization.We also focus on the applications of PHA particles in drug delivery systems,environment protection,tissue engi-neering,vaccine engineering,food science,biotechnology and cosmetics.Finally,the future development trends of PHAs-based particles are prospected.